The United States, sentence 8
Millions of Native Americans lived in North America before Europeans came, and diseases such as smallpox (new to them, so their bodies had no defences), wars and forced removals such as the Trail of Tears in the 1830s took their lands and many lives.
Who acts: Millions, Europeans, bodies, diseases · What happens: live, come, have, force, take · To what, where: North America, defences, lands
This is a sentence of the lesson «The United States» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Millions, Europeans, bodies, diseases), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Millions | million | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 lived | nsubj |
| 2 | of | of | ADP | _ | 4 Americans | case |
| 3 | Native | native | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 4 Americans | amod |
| 4 | Americans | American | PROPN | Number=Plur | 1 Millions | nmod |
| 5 | lived | live | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 6 | in | in | ADP | _ | 8 America | case |
| 7 | North | North | PROPN | Number=Sing | 8 America | compound |
| 8 | America | America | PROPN | Number=Sing | 5 lived | obl |
| 9 | before | before | SCONJ | _ | 11 came | mark |
| 10 | Europeans | European | PROPN | Number=Plur | 11 came | nsubj |
| 11 | came | come | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 5 lived | advcl |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 44 took | punct |
| 13 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 14 diseases | cc |
| 14 | diseases | disease | NOUN | Number=Plur | 44 took | nsubj |
| 15 | such | such | ADJ | Degree=Pos ExtPos=ADP | 17 smallpox | case |
| 16 | as | as | ADP | _ | 15 such | fixed |
| 17 | smallpox | smallpox | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 diseases | nmod |
| 18 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 19 new | punct |
| 19 | new | new | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 17 smallpox | acl |
| 20 | to | to | ADP | _ | 21 them | case |
| 21 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 19 new | obl |
| 22 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 26 had | punct |
| 23 | so | so | ADV | _ | 26 had | advmod |
| 24 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 25 bodies | nmod:poss |
| 25 | bodies | body | NOUN | Number=Plur | 26 had | nsubj |
| 26 | had | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 19 new | advcl |
| 27 | no | no | DET | PronType=Neg | 28 defences | det |
| 28 | defences | defence | NOUN | Number=Plur | 26 had | obj |
| 29 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 19 new | punct |
| 30 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 31 wars | punct |
| 31 | wars | war | NOUN | Number=Plur | 14 diseases | conj |
| 32 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 34 removals | cc |
| 33 | forced | force | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 34 removals | amod |
| 34 | removals | removal | NOUN | Number=Plur | 31 wars | conj |
| 35 | such | such | ADJ | Degree=Pos ExtPos=SCONJ | 38 Trail | case |
| 36 | as | as | ADP | _ | 35 such | fixed |
| 37 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 38 Trail | det |
| 38 | Trail | trail | PROPN | Number=Sing | 34 removals | nmod |
| 39 | of | of | ADP | _ | 40 Tears | case |
| 40 | Tears | tear | NOUN | Number=Plur | 38 Trail | nmod |
| 41 | in | in | ADP | _ | 43 1830s | case |
| 42 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 43 1830s | det |
| 43 | 1830s | 1830 | NOUN | Number=Ptan NumForm=Combi NumType=Card | 38 Trail | nmod |
| 44 | took | take | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 5 lived | conj |
| 45 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 46 lands | nmod:poss |
| 46 | lands | land | NOUN | Number=Plur | 44 took | obj |
| 47 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 49 lives | cc |
| 48 | many | many | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 49 lives | amod |
| 49 | lives | life | NOUN | Number=Plur | 46 lands | conj |
| 50 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 lived | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | live | past | Millions of Native Americans | North America | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in america=Location | ||||
| 2 | come | past | Europeans | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 3 | have | past | Europeans's bodies | no defences | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent defence=Patient | ||||
| 4 | force | participle | vn urge-58.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | ||||||
| 5 | take | past | diseases such smallpox and wars and forced removals such the Trail of Tears in the 1830s | Europeans's lands and many lives | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent land=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:geography:009-the-united-states.lesson:8.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/9-the-united-states/8/