The Aztecs and the Inca, sentence 18

Potatoes first came from the Andes and were later taken to Europe; the Andes peoples grew thousands of kinds of potatoes, freeze-dried them in the mountain cold, and kept llamas and alpacas for wool and carrying loads; the Inca had no horses and no carts with wheels, so people and llamas carried everything along the roads.

Who acts: Potatoes, Andes peoples, Inca, people · What happens: come, take, grow, freeze, dry, keep · To what, where: Andes, Europe, thousands, people, mountain, llamas

This is a sentence of the lesson «The Aztecs and the Inca» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Potatoes, Andes peoples, Inca, people), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Potatoes	potato	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 came	nsubj
2	first	first	ADV	NumForm=Word NumType=Ord	3 came	advmod
3	came	come	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	from	from	ADP	_	6 Andes	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 Andes	det
6	Andes	Andes	PROPN	Number=Plur	3 came	obl
7	and	and	CCONJ	_	10 taken	cc
8	were	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	10 taken	aux:pass
9	later	late	ADV	Degree=Cmp	10 taken	advmod
10	taken	take	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	3 came	conj
11	to	to	ADP	_	12 Europe	case
12	Europe	Europe	PROPN	Number=Sing	10 taken	obl
13	;	;	PUNCT	_	3 came	punct
14	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	16 peoples	det
15	Andes	Andes	PROPN	Number=Plur	16 peoples	compound
16	peoples	people	NOUN	Number=Plur	17 grew	nsubj
17	grew	grow	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 came	parataxis
18	thousands	thousand	NOUN	Number=Plur	17 grew	obj
19	of	of	ADP	_	20 kinds	case
20	kinds	kind	NOUN	Number=Plur	18 thousands	nmod
21	of	of	ADP	_	22 potatoes	case
22	potatoes	potato	NOUN	Number=Plur	20 kinds	nmod
23	,	,	PUNCT	_	26 dried	punct
24	freeze	freeze	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	26 dried	compound
25	-	-	PUNCT	_	24 freeze	punct
26	dried	dry	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	17 grew	conj
27	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	26 dried	obj
28	in	in	ADP	_	30 mountain	case
29	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	30 mountain	det
30	mountain	mountain	NOUN	Number=Sing	26 dried	obl
31	cold	cold	ADJ	Degree=Pos	30 mountain	amod
32	,	,	PUNCT	_	34 kept	punct
33	and	and	CCONJ	_	34 kept	cc
34	kept	keep	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	3 came	parataxis
35	llamas	llama	NOUN	Number=Plur	34 kept	obj
36	and	and	CCONJ	_	37 alpacas	cc
37	alpacas	alpaca	NOUN	Number=Plur	35 llamas	conj
38	for	for	ADP	_	39 wool	case
39	wool	wool	NOUN	Number=Sing	34 kept	obl
40	and	and	CCONJ	_	41 carrying	cc
41	carrying	carry	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	34 kept	conj
42	loads	load	NOUN	Number=Plur	41 carrying	obj
43	;	;	PUNCT	_	46 had	punct
44	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	45 Inca	det
45	Inca	Inca	PROPN	Number=Sing	46 had	nsubj
46	had	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 came	parataxis
47	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	48 horses	det
48	horses	horse	NOUN	Number=Plur	46 had	obj
49	and	and	CCONJ	_	51 carts	cc
50	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	51 carts	det
51	carts	cart	NOUN	Number=Plur	48 horses	conj
52	with	with	ADP	_	53 wheels	case
53	wheels	wheel	NOUN	Number=Plur	51 carts	nmod
54	,	,	PUNCT	_	59 carried	punct
55	so	so	ADV	_	59 carried	advmod
56	people	people	NOUN	Number=Plur	59 carried	nsubj
57	and	and	CCONJ	_	58 llamas	cc
58	llamas	llama	NOUN	Number=Plur	56 people	conj
59	carried	carry	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 came	parataxis
60	everything	everything	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Tot	59 carried	obj
61	along	along	ADP	_	63 roads	case
62	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	63 roads	det
63	roads	road	NOUN	Number=Plur	59 carried	obl
64	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 came	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	other	roles by
1	come	past	Potatoes			the Andes	first property	vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme from andes=Initial_Location
2	take	past · passive	Potatoes not said here		Europe		late property	vn convert-26.6.2 «NP V S_ING»: to europe=Result
3	grow	past	the Andes peoples	thousands of kinds of potatoes				vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location thousand=Theme
4	freeze	infinitive						vn other_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
5	dry	participle	the Andes peoples not said here	people		the mountain		vn other_cos-45.4-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Patient they=Result
6	keep	participle		llamas and alpacas			for wool	vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent llama=Theme
7	carry	gerund		loads				vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent load=Theme
8	have	past	the Inca	no horses and no carts with wheels				vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent horse=Patient
9	carry	past	people and llamas	everything			along the roads	vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent everything=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:history:019-the-aztecs-and-the-inca.lesson:18.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×1, R5-strong ×2, R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/19-the-aztecs-and-the-inca/18/