The Industrial Revolution, sentence 14
Before telephones, messages went by letter, by messenger, or from the 1840s by telegraph, coded clicks sent along wires; Alexander Graham Bell made a working telephone in 1876, and Guglielmo Marconi sent radio signals across the Atlantic in 1901.
Who acts: messages, coded clicks, Alexander Bell, Guglielmo Marconi · What happens: go, code, send, make, work · To what, where: telephones, working telephone, 1876, radio signals, Atlantic
This is a sentence of the lesson «The Industrial Revolution» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (messages, coded clicks, Alexander Bell, Guglielmo Marconi), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Before | before | ADP | _ | 2 telephones | case |
| 2 | telephones | telephone | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 went | obl |
| 3 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 2 telephones | punct |
| 4 | messages | message | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 went | nsubj |
| 5 | went | go | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 6 | by | by | ADP | _ | 7 letter | case |
| 7 | letter | letter | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 went | obl |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 10 messenger | punct |
| 9 | by | by | ADP | _ | 10 messenger | case |
| 10 | messenger | messenger | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 letter | conj |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 15 1840s | punct |
| 12 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 15 1840s | cc |
| 13 | from | from | ADP | _ | 15 1840s | case |
| 14 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 15 1840s | det |
| 15 | 1840s | 1840 | NOUN | Number=Ptan NumForm=Combi NumType=Card | 7 letter | nmod |
| 16 | by | by | ADP | _ | 17 telegraph | case |
| 17 | telegraph | telegraph | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 1840s | nmod |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 20 clicks | punct |
| 19 | coded | code | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 20 clicks | amod |
| 20 | clicks | click | NOUN | Number=Plur | 21 sent | nsubj |
| 21 | sent | send | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 5 went | parataxis |
| 22 | along | along | ADP | _ | 23 wires | case |
| 23 | wires | wire | NOUN | Number=Plur | 21 sent | obl |
| 24 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 28 made | punct |
| 25 | Alexander | Alexander | PROPN | Number=Sing | 27 Bell | compound |
| 26 | Graham | Graham | PROPN | Number=Sing | 25 Alexander | flat |
| 27 | Bell | bell | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 made | nsubj |
| 28 | made | make | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 5 went | parataxis |
| 29 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 31 telephone | det |
| 30 | working | work | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 31 telephone | amod |
| 31 | telephone | telephone | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 made | obj |
| 32 | in | in | ADP | _ | 33 1876 | case |
| 33 | 1876 | 1876 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 28 made | obl |
| 34 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 38 sent | punct |
| 35 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 38 sent | cc |
| 36 | Guglielmo | Guglielmo | PROPN | Number=Sing | 37 Marconi | compound |
| 37 | Marconi | Marconi | PROPN | Number=Sing | 38 sent | nsubj |
| 38 | sent | send | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 5 went | conj |
| 39 | radio | radio | NOUN | Number=Sing | 40 signals | compound |
| 40 | signals | signal | NOUN | Number=Plur | 38 sent | obj |
| 41 | across | across | ADP | _ | 43 Atlantic | case |
| 42 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 43 Atlantic | det |
| 43 | Atlantic | Atlantic | PROPN | Number=Sing | 38 sent | obl |
| 44 | in | in | ADP | _ | 45 1901 | case |
| 45 | 1901 | 1901 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 38 sent | obl |
| 46 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 went | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | go | past | messages | telephones | by letter from the 1840s by telegraph and messenger | vn occur-48.3-2 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme before telephone=Location | |||
| 2 | code | participle | vn classify-29.10 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | ||||||
| 3 | send | participle | coded clicks | along wires | vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 4 | make | past | Alexander Bell | a working telephone | 1876 | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.material V NP»: agent=Material telephone=Product | |||
| 5 | work | gerund | vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||||
| 6 | send | past | Guglielmo Marconi | radio signals | the Atlantic | in 1901 | vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent signal=Theme in 1901=Destination |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:history:030-the-industrial-revolution.lesson:14.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/30-the-industrial-revolution/14/