China: the Song and the Mongols, sentence 9

Foot binding, tightly wrapping girls' feet to keep them small, spread from the Song era; it caused lifelong pain and was banned in the early 20th century, and most Chinese today see it as a cruelty of the past.

Who acts: Foot binding, era, most Chinese · What happens: wrapping, keep, spread, cause, ban, see · To what, where: feet, Song era, lifelong pain, pain

This is a sentence of the lesson «China: the Song and the Mongols» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Foot binding, era, most Chinese), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Foot	foot	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 binding	compound
2	binding	binding	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	,	,	PUNCT	_	8 feet	punct
4	tightly	tightly	ADV	_	5 wrapping	advmod
5	wrapping	wrapping	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	2 binding	acl
6	girls	girl	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 feet	nmod:poss
7	'	's	PART	_	6 girls	case
8	feet	foot	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 wrapping	obj
9	to	to	PART	_	10 keep	mark
10	keep	keep	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	5 wrapping	advcl
11	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	10 keep	obj
12	small	small	ADJ	Degree=Pos	10 keep	xcomp
13	,	,	PUNCT	_	14 spread	punct
14	spread	spread	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	2 binding	conj
15	from	from	ADP	_	18 era	case
16	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	18 era	det
17	Song	Song	PROPN	Number=Sing	18 era	compound
18	era	era	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 spread	obl
19	;	;	PUNCT	_	21 caused	punct
20	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	21 caused	nsubj
21	caused	cause	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	2 binding	parataxis
22	lifelong	lifelong	ADJ	Degree=Pos	23 pain	amod
23	pain	pain	NOUN	Number=Sing	21 caused	obj
24	and	and	CCONJ	_	26 banned	cc
25	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	26 banned	aux:pass
26	banned	ban	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	21 caused	conj
27	in	in	ADP	_	31 century	case
28	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	31 century	det
29	early	early	ADJ	Degree=Pos	31 century	amod
30	20th	20th	ADJ	Degree=Pos NumForm=Combi NumType=Ord	31 century	amod
31	century	century	NOUN	Number=Sing	26 banned	obl
32	,	,	PUNCT	_	37 see	punct
33	and	and	CCONJ	_	37 see	cc
34	most	most	ADJ	Degree=Sup	35 Chinese	amod
35	Chinese	Chinese	ADJ	Degree=Pos	37 see	nsubj
36	today	today	NOUN	Number=Sing	37 see	obl:unmarked
37	see	see	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	21 caused	conj
38	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	37 see	obj
39	as	as	ADP	_	41 cruelty	case
40	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	41 cruelty	det
41	cruelty	cruelty	NOUN	Number=Sing	37 see	obl
42	of	of	ADP	_	44 past	case
43	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	44 past	det
44	past	past	NOUN	Number=Sing	41 cruelty	nmod
45	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 binding	punct

Pragmatics

form: statement
act: narrate
voice: narrator
polarity: none
teacher: kept the draft

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	wrapping	gerund	Foot binding not said here	girls's feet			tightly property	tree rules
2	keep	to-infinitive	Foot binding not said here	feet = foot			small property	vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme
3	spread	participle			the Song era			vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
4	cause	past	era	lifelong pain				vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition pain=Patient
5	ban	past · passive	era not said here			century		vn forbid-64.4-1 «NP V S_ING»
6	see	present	most Chinese	pain		today	as a cruelty of the past	vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer it=Stimulus as cruelty=Attribute

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:history:055-china-the-song-and-the-mongols.lesson:9.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/55-china-the-song-and-the-mongols/9/