Cities: why they grow, and how water and sewers made them safe, sentence 10

An early flush toilet was designed in England in 1596 by John Harington, but flush toilets became common in homes only in the 1800s and 1900s, and billions of people today still lack safe toilets.

Who acts: John, flush toilets · What happens: design, become, lack · To what, where: early flush toilet, England, safe toilets

This is a sentence of the lesson «Cities: why they grow, and how water and sewers made them safe» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (John, flush toilets), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	An	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	4 toilet	det
2	early	early	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 toilet	amod
3	flush	flush	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 toilet	compound
4	toilet	toilet	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 designed	nsubj:pass
5	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	6 designed	aux:pass
6	designed	design	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
7	in	in	ADP	_	8 England	case
8	England	England	PROPN	Number=Sing	6 designed	obl
9	in	in	ADP	_	10 1596	case
10	1596	1596	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	6 designed	obl
11	by	by	ADP	_	12 John	case
12	John	John	PROPN	Number=Sing	6 designed	obl:agent
13	Harington	Harington	PROPN	Number=Sing	12 John	flat
14	,	,	PUNCT	_	18 became	punct
15	but	but	CCONJ	_	17 toilets	cc
16	flush	flush	ADJ	Degree=Pos	17 toilets	amod
17	toilets	toilet	NOUN	Number=Plur	18 became	nsubj
18	became	become	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	6 designed	conj
19	common	common	ADJ	Degree=Pos	18 became	xcomp
20	in	in	ADP	_	21 homes	case
21	homes	home	NOUN	Number=Plur	19 common	obl
22	only	only	ADV	_	25 1800s	advmod
23	in	in	ADP	_	25 1800s	case
24	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	25 1800s	det
25	1800s	1800	NOUN	Number=Ptan NumForm=Combi NumType=Card	21 homes	nmod
26	and	and	CCONJ	_	27 1900s	cc
27	1900s	1900	NOUN	Number=Ptan NumForm=Combi NumType=Card	25 1800s	conj
28	,	,	PUNCT	_	30 billions	punct
29	and	and	CCONJ	_	30 billions	cc
30	billions	billion	NOUN	Number=Plur	25 1800s	conj
31	of	of	ADP	_	32 people	case
32	people	people	NOUN	Number=Plur	30 billions	nmod
33	today	today	NOUN	Number=Sing	35 lack	obl:unmarked
34	still	still	ADV	_	35 lack	advmod
35	lack	lack	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 designed	conj
36	safe	safe	ADJ	Degree=Pos	37 toilets	amod
37	toilets	toilet	NOUN	Number=Plur	35 lack	obj
38	.	.	PUNCT	_	6 designed	punct

Pragmatics

form: statement
act: assert
voice: narrator
polarity: none
teacher: kept the draft

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	design	past · passive	John	a early flush toilet	England		in 1596	vn create-26.4-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Result
2	become	past	flush toilets				common property	vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient
3	lack	present	John not said here	safe toilets		still; today		tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:history:073-cities-why-they-grow-and-how-sewers-made-them-safe.lesson:10.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/73-cities-why-they-grow-and-how-sewers-made-them-safe/10/