What was lost and what was gained: languages, foods, music and knowledge, sentence 5
About 7,000 languages are spoken today, and around 4 in 10 are endangered; Māori language nests, kōhanga reo, began in 1982, and Hebrew was revived as an everyday language around 1900.
Who acts: 4, Māori language nests · What happens: speak, be, begin, revive · To what, where: 7,000 languages, 1982, Hebrew, 1900 · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «What was lost and what was gained: languages, foods, music and knowledge» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (4, Māori language nests), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | About | about | ADV | _ | 2 7,000 | advmod |
| 2 | 7,000 | 7000 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 3 languages | nummod |
| 3 | languages | language | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 spoken | nsubj:pass |
| 4 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 spoken | aux:pass |
| 5 | spoken | speak | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 6 | today | today | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 spoken | obl:unmarked |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 14 endangered | punct |
| 8 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 14 endangered | cc |
| 9 | around | around | ADV | _ | 10 4 | advmod |
| 10 | 4 | 4 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 14 endangered | nsubj |
| 11 | in | in | ADP | _ | 12 10 | case |
| 12 | 10 | 10 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 10 4 | nmod |
| 13 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 14 endangered | cop |
| 14 | endangered | endangered | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 5 spoken | conj |
| 15 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 18 nests | punct |
| 16 | Māori | Māori | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 18 nests | amod |
| 17 | language | language | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 nests | compound |
| 18 | nests | nest | NOUN | Number=Plur | 23 began | nsubj |
| 19 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 21 reo | punct |
| 20 | kōhanga | kōhanga | X | _ | 21 reo | compound |
| 21 | reo | reo | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 nests | appos |
| 22 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 18 nests | punct |
| 23 | began | begin | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 14 endangered | conj |
| 24 | in | in | ADP | _ | 25 1982 | case |
| 25 | 1982 | 1982 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 23 began | obl |
| 26 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 30 revived | punct |
| 27 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 30 revived | cc |
| 28 | Hebrew | Hebrew | PROPN | Number=Sing | 30 revived | nsubj:pass |
| 29 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 30 revived | aux:pass |
| 30 | revived | revive | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 5 spoken | conj |
| 31 | as | as | ADP | _ | 34 language | case |
| 32 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 34 language | det |
| 33 | everyday | everyday | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 34 language | amod |
| 34 | language | language | NOUN | Number=Sing | 30 revived | obl |
| 35 | around | around | ADP | _ | 36 1900 | case |
| 36 | 1900 | 1900 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 30 revived | obl |
| 37 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 spoken | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- assert
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- none
- teacher
- kept the draft
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | speak speech: other | present · passive | 7,000 languages | today | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | is | present | 4 in 10 | endangered property | tree rules | ||||
| 3 | begin | past | Māori language nests | 1982 | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality | ||||
| 4 | revive | past · passive | Hebrew | 1900 | as a everyday language | vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: subject=Patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:history:077-what-was-lost-and-what-was-gained.lesson:5.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/77-what-was-lost-and-what-was-gained/5/