Ancient India: Ashoka, zero and our numbers, sentence 12

The digits 0 to 9 that we use were invented in India and passed on by Arab scholars to Europe; they are often called Arabic numerals, but they began in India.

Who acts: we, digits · What happens: use, invent, pass on, call, begin · To what, where: digits, India, Europe · Speech: someone speaks here

This is a sentence of the lesson «Ancient India: Ashoka, zero and our numbers» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (we, digits), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 digits	det
2	digits	digit	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 invented	nsubj:pass
3	0	0	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	2 digits	flat
4	to	to	ADP	_	5 9	case
5	9	9	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	3 0	nmod
6	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 use	obj
7	we	we	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs	8 use	nsubj
8	use	use	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 digits	acl:relcl
9	were	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	10 invented	aux:pass
10	invented	invent	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
11	in	in	ADP	_	12 India	case
12	India	India	PROPN	Number=Sing	10 invented	obl
13	and	and	CCONJ	_	14 passed	cc
14	passed	pass	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	10 invented	conj
15	on	on	ADP	_	14 passed	compound:prt
16	by	by	ADP	_	18 scholars	case
17	Arab	Arab	ADJ	Degree=Pos	18 scholars	amod
18	scholars	scholar	NOUN	Number=Plur	14 passed	obl
19	to	to	ADP	_	20 Europe	case
20	Europe	Europe	PROPN	Number=Sing	14 passed	obl
21	;	;	PUNCT	_	25 called	punct
22	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	25 called	nsubj:pass
23	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	25 called	aux:pass
24	often	often	ADV	_	25 called	advmod
25	called	call	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	10 invented	parataxis
26	Arabic	Arabic	PROPN	Number=Sing	27 numerals	compound
27	numerals	numeral	NOUN	Number=Plur	25 called	xcomp
28	,	,	PUNCT	_	31 began	punct
29	but	but	CCONJ	_	31 began	cc
30	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	31 began	nsubj
31	began	begin	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	25 called	conj
32	in	in	ADP	_	33 India	case
33	India	India	PROPN	Number=Sing	31 began	obl
34	.	.	PUNCT	_	10 invented	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	other	roles by
1	use	present	we	the digits				vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent that=Patient
2	invent	past · passive		the digits		India		vn create-26.4-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Result
3	pass on	participle			Europe		by Arab scholars	vn send-11.1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent to europe=Destination
4	call	present · passive		digits = digit			often property	vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient
5	begin	past	digits = digit			India		vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:history:008-ancient-india-ashoka-zero-and-our-numbers.lesson:12.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/8-ancient-india-ashoka-zero-and-our-numbers/12/