Plurals that make no sense: mice, sheep and geese, sentence 9
Octopus comes from Greek; octopuses is the usual English plural, octopodes is the Greek-style one, and octopi is common and listed in many dictionaries though it is built on a mistake.
Who acts: Octopus, plural octopodes, octopi · What happens: come, be, list, build · To what, where: Greek, style one, many dictionaries, Octopus, mistake
This is a sentence of the lesson «Plurals that make no sense: mice, sheep and geese» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Octopus, plural octopodes, octopi), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Octopus | octopus | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 comes | nsubj |
| 2 | comes | come | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 19 one | parataxis |
| 3 | from | from | ADP | _ | 4 Greek | case |
| 4 | Greek | Greek | PROPN | Number=Sing | 2 comes | obl |
| 5 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 6 octopuses | punct |
| 6 | octopuses | octopus | NOUN | Number=Plur | 19 one | parataxis |
| 7 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 19 one | cop |
| 8 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 11 plural | det |
| 9 | usual | usual | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 11 plural | amod |
| 10 | English | English | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 11 plural | amod |
| 11 | plural | plural | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 13 octopodes | amod |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 11 plural | punct |
| 13 | octopodes | octopode | NOUN | Number=Plur | 19 one | nsubj |
| 14 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 19 one | cop |
| 15 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 19 one | det |
| 16 | Greek | Greek | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 18 style | amod |
| 17 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 16 Greek | punct |
| 18 | style | style | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 one | compound |
| 19 | one | one | NOUN | Number=Sing | root | root |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 24 common | punct |
| 21 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 24 common | cc |
| 22 | octopi | octopi | X | Foreign=Yes | 24 common | nsubj |
| 23 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 24 common | cop |
| 24 | common | common | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 19 one | parataxis |
| 25 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 26 listed | cc |
| 26 | listed | list | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 24 common | conj |
| 27 | in | in | ADP | _ | 29 dictionaries | case |
| 28 | many | many | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 29 dictionaries | amod |
| 29 | dictionaries | dictionary | NOUN | Number=Plur | 26 listed | obl |
| 30 | though | though | SCONJ | _ | 33 built | mark |
| 31 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 33 built | nsubj:pass |
| 32 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 33 built | aux:pass |
| 33 | built | build | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 24 common | advcl |
| 34 | on | on | ADP | _ | 36 mistake | case |
| 35 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 36 mistake | det |
| 36 | mistake | mistake | NOUN | Number=Sing | 33 built | obl |
| 37 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 comes | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | come | present | Octopus | Greek | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme from greek=Initial_Location | ||||
| 2 | is a | present | plural octopodes | the style one | tree rules | ||||
| 3 | is | present | octopi | common property | tree rules | ||||
| 4 | list | participle | octopi not said here | many dictionaries | tree rules | ||||
| 5 | build | present · passive | Octopus | a mistake | vn base-97.1 «NP V NP PP.source»: subject=Theme on mistake=Source |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:010-plurals-mice-sheep-and-geese.lesson:9.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×4, R6-punct-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/10-plurals-mice-sheep-and-geese/9/