Where English came from, sentence 17
Shakespeare's plays are the earliest written record found so far for some words, like "bedroom" and "eyeball"; many may already have been spoken, so "first recorded" does not always mean "invented".
Who acts: Shakespeare · What happens: write, be, speak, record, not mean, invent · To what, where: earliest written record, many · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «Where English came from» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Shakespeare), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Shakespeare | Shakespeare | PROPN | Number=Sing | 3 plays | nmod:poss |
| 2 | 's | 's | PART | _ | 1 Shakespeare | case |
| 3 | plays | play | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 record | nsubj |
| 4 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 9 found | cop |
| 5 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 8 record | det |
| 6 | earliest | early | ADJ | Degree=Sup | 8 record | amod |
| 7 | written | write | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 8 record | amod |
| 8 | record | record | NOUN | Number=Sing | root | root |
| 9 | found | find | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 8 record | acl |
| 10 | so | so | ADV | _ | 11 far | advmod |
| 11 | far | far | ADV | Degree=Pos | 9 found | advmod |
| 12 | for | for | ADP | _ | 14 words | case |
| 13 | some | some | DET | PronType=Ind | 14 words | det |
| 14 | words | word | NOUN | Number=Plur | 11 far | obl |
| 15 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 14 words | punct |
| 16 | like | like | ADP | _ | 18 bedroom | case |
| 17 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 18 bedroom | punct |
| 18 | bedroom | bedroom | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 words | nmod |
| 19 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 18 bedroom | punct |
| 20 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 22 eyeball | cc |
| 21 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 22 eyeball | punct |
| 22 | eyeball | eyeball | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 bedroom | conj |
| 23 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 22 eyeball | punct |
| 24 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 30 spoken | punct |
| 25 | many | many | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 30 spoken | nsubj:pass |
| 26 | may | may | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 30 spoken | aux |
| 27 | already | already | ADV | _ | 30 spoken | advmod |
| 28 | have | have | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 30 spoken | aux |
| 29 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 30 spoken | aux:pass |
| 30 | spoken | speak | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 40 mean | parataxis |
| 31 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 35 recorded | punct |
| 32 | so | so | ADV | _ | 35 recorded | advmod |
| 33 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 35 recorded | punct |
| 34 | first | first | ADV | NumForm=Word NumType=Ord | 35 recorded | advmod |
| 35 | recorded | record | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 40 mean | csubj |
| 36 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 35 recorded | punct |
| 37 | does | do | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 40 mean | aux |
| 38 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 40 mean | advmod |
| 39 | always | always | ADV | PronType=Tot | 40 mean | advmod |
| 40 | mean | mean | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 8 record | parataxis |
| 41 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 42 invented | punct |
| 42 | invented | invent | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 40 mean | ccomp |
| 43 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 42 invented | punct |
| 44 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 8 record | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | write | participle | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||||
| 2 | is | present | the earliest written record not said here | far, find property | tree rules | ||||
| 3 | speak speech: other | may · perfect · passive | many | tree rules | |||||
| 4 | record in a quote | participle | first property | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 5 | not mean | present · do-support | always property | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 6 | invent in a quote | participle | vn create-26.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||||
| 7 | play | Shakespeare | nom play «communication intransitive»: poss=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:022-where-english-came-from.lesson:17.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/22-where-english-came-from/17/