Where English came from, sentence 18

Mandarin Chinese has the most native speakers (people who learned it from birth); English has the most speakers in total if you count people who learned it later, about 1.5 billion by many estimates.

Who acts: Mandarin Chinese, people, English, you · What happens: have, learn, count · To what, where: native speakers, many, birth, most speakers, total, people

This is a sentence of the lesson «Where English came from» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Mandarin Chinese, people, English, you), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Mandarin	Mandarin	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 Chinese	compound
2	Chinese	Chinese	PROPN	Number=Sing	3 has	nsubj
3	has	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 speakers	det
5	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	6 native	advmod
6	native	native	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 speakers	amod
7	speakers	speaker	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 has	obj
8	(	(	PUNCT	_	9 people	punct
9	people	people	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 speakers	appos
10	who	who	PRON	PronType=Rel	11 learned	nsubj
11	learned	learn	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	9 people	acl:relcl
12	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	11 learned	obj
13	from	from	ADP	_	14 birth	case
14	birth	birth	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 learned	obl
15	)	)	PUNCT	_	11 learned	punct
16	;	;	PUNCT	_	18 has	punct
17	English	English	PROPN	Number=Sing	18 has	nsubj
18	has	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 has	parataxis
19	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	21 speakers	det
20	most	most	ADJ	Degree=Sup	21 speakers	amod
21	speakers	speaker	NOUN	Number=Plur	18 has	obj
22	in	in	ADP	_	23 total	case
23	total	total	ADJ	Degree=Pos	21 speakers	nmod
24	if	if	SCONJ	_	26 count	mark
25	you	you	PRON	Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs	26 count	nsubj
26	count	count	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	18 has	advcl
27	people	people	NOUN	Number=Plur	26 count	obj
28	who	who	PRON	PronType=Rel	29 learned	nsubj
29	learned	learn	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	27 people	acl:relcl
30	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	29 learned	obj
31	later	late	ADV	Degree=Cmp	29 learned	advmod
32	,	,	PUNCT	_	35 billion	punct
33	about	about	ADV	_	35 billion	advmod
34	1.5	1.5	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	35 billion	compound
35	billion	billion	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	29 learned	obl:unmarked
36	by	by	ADP	_	38 estimates	case
37	many	many	ADJ	Degree=Pos	38 estimates	amod
38	estimates	estimate	NOUN	Number=Plur	29 learned	obl
39	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 has	punct

Pragmatics

form: statement
act: assert
voice: narrator
polarity: none
teacher: kept the draft

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	have	present	Mandarin Chinese	the native speakers			vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent speaker=Patient
2	learn	past	people	many	birth		vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent it=Topic from birth=Source
3	have	present	English	the most speakers	total		vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent speaker=Patient
4	count a condition, not said to happen	present	you	people			vn multiply-108 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent people=Theme
5	learn	past	people	many		by many estimates; 1.5 billion obl:unmarked; late property	vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Topic

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:022-where-english-came-from.lesson:18.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×3. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/22-where-english-came-from/18/