Where English came from, sentence 9
English is a Germanic language, a cousin of German, Dutch and Frisian: house is "Haus" in German and "huis" in Dutch, and water is "Wasser" and "water".
Who acts: English, house, water · What happens: be · To what, where: Germanic language, Haus, German, Wasser · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «Where English came from» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (English, house, water), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | English | English | PROPN | Number=Sing | 5 language | nsubj |
| 2 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 language | cop |
| 3 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 5 language | det |
| 4 | Germanic | germanic | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 5 language | amod |
| 5 | language | language | NOUN | Number=Sing | root | root |
| 6 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 8 cousin | punct |
| 7 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 8 cousin | det |
| 8 | cousin | cousin | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 language | appos |
| 9 | of | of | ADP | _ | 10 German | case |
| 10 | German | German | PROPN | Number=Sing | 8 cousin | nmod |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 12 Dutch | punct |
| 12 | Dutch | Dutch | PROPN | Number=Sing | 10 German | conj |
| 13 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 14 Frisian | cc |
| 14 | Frisian | Frisian | PROPN | Number=Sing | 10 German | conj |
| 15 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 19 Haus | punct |
| 16 | house | house | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 Haus | nsubj |
| 17 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 19 Haus | cop |
| 18 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 19 Haus | punct |
| 19 | Haus | Haus | PROPN | Number=Sing | 5 language | parataxis |
| 20 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 19 Haus | punct |
| 21 | in | in | ADP | _ | 22 German | case |
| 22 | German | German | PROPN | Number=Sing | 19 Haus | nmod |
| 23 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 25 huis | cc |
| 24 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 25 huis | punct |
| 25 | huis | huis | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 Haus | conj |
| 26 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 25 huis | punct |
| 27 | in | in | ADP | _ | 28 Dutch | case |
| 28 | Dutch | Dutch | PROPN | Number=Sing | 25 huis | nmod |
| 29 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 34 Wasser | punct |
| 30 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 34 Wasser | cc |
| 31 | water | water | NOUN | Number=Sing | 34 Wasser | nsubj |
| 32 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 34 Wasser | cop |
| 33 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 34 Wasser | punct |
| 34 | Wasser | Wasser | PROPN | Number=Sing | 5 language | appos |
| 35 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 34 Wasser | punct |
| 36 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 38 water | cc |
| 37 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 38 water | punct |
| 38 | water | water | NOUN | Number=Sing | 34 Wasser | conj |
| 39 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 38 water | punct |
| 40 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 language | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is a | present | English | a Germanic language | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | is a in a quote | present | house | Haus and huis in Dutch | German | tree rules | |||
| 3 | is a in a quote | present | water | Wasser and water | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:022-where-english-came-from.lesson:9.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×3, R7-rel-agree ×4. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/22-where-english-came-from/9/