Borrowed words: French, Norse and Latin, sentence 12
"Bus" is short for "omnibus", Latin for "for everyone", the name of big horse-drawn carriages for all passengers in the 1800s; cutting a long word short like this is called clipping.
Who acts: Bus, cutting · What happens: be, draw, cut, call, name · To what, where: long word, clipping, big drawn carriages · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «Borrowed words: French, Norse and Latin» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Bus, cutting), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 2 Bus | punct |
| 2 | Bus | bus | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 short | nsubj |
| 3 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 2 Bus | punct |
| 4 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 short | cop |
| 5 | short | short | ADJ | Degree=Pos | root | root |
| 6 | for | for | ADP | _ | 8 omnibus | case |
| 7 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 8 omnibus | punct |
| 8 | omnibus | omnibus | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 short | obl |
| 9 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 8 omnibus | punct |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 11 Latin | punct |
| 11 | Latin | Latin | PROPN | Number=Sing | 8 omnibus | nmod |
| 12 | for | for | ADP | _ | 15 everyone | case |
| 13 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 15 everyone | punct |
| 14 | for | for | ADP | _ | 15 everyone | case |
| 15 | everyone | everyone | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Tot | 11 Latin | nmod |
| 16 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 15 everyone | punct |
| 17 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 19 name | punct |
| 18 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 19 name | det |
| 19 | name | name | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 everyone | conj |
| 20 | of | of | ADP | _ | 25 carriages | case |
| 21 | big | big | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 25 carriages | amod |
| 22 | horse | horse | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 drawn | compound |
| 23 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 22 horse | punct |
| 24 | drawn | draw | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 25 carriages | amod |
| 25 | carriages | carriage | NOUN | Number=Plur | 19 name | nmod |
| 26 | for | for | ADP | _ | 28 passengers | case |
| 27 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 28 passengers | det |
| 28 | passengers | passenger | NOUN | Number=Plur | 25 carriages | nmod |
| 29 | in | in | ADP | _ | 31 1800s | case |
| 30 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 31 1800s | det |
| 31 | 1800s | 1800 | NOUN | Number=Ptan NumForm=Combi NumType=Card | 28 passengers | nmod |
| 32 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 5 short | punct |
| 33 | cutting | cut | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 41 called | csubj |
| 34 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 36 word | det |
| 35 | long | long | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 36 word | amod |
| 36 | word | word | NOUN | Number=Sing | 33 cutting | obj |
| 37 | short | short | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 33 cutting | xcomp |
| 38 | like | like | ADP | _ | 39 this | case |
| 39 | this | this | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 37 short | obl |
| 40 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 41 called | aux:pass |
| 41 | called | call | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 5 short | conj |
| 42 | clipping | clipping | NOUN | Number=Sing | 41 called | xcomp |
| 43 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 short | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is | present | Bus | for omnibus Latin for everyone; short property | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | draw | participle | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||||
| 3 | cut | gerund | a long word | short property | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset word=Product | ||||
| 4 | call speech: assert | present · passive | cutting | clipping | vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V» | ||||
| 5 | name | big drawn carriages for all passengers in the 1800s | nom name «communication transitive»: of=patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:023-borrowed-words-french-norse-and-latin.lesson:12.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/23-borrowed-words-french-norse-and-latin/12/