Borrowed words: French, Norse and Latin, sentence 16
Studies of big dictionaries suggest that more than half of English words came from Latin and French, but the everyday core (the, and, is, you, house, water) is mostly Old English.
Who acts: Studies, half, you, everyday core · What happens: suggest, come, be, study · To what, where: Latin, house, Old English, big dictionaries · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «Borrowed words: French, Norse and Latin» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Studies, half, you, everyday core), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Studies | study | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 suggest | nsubj |
| 2 | of | of | ADP | _ | 4 dictionaries | case |
| 3 | big | big | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 4 dictionaries | amod |
| 4 | dictionaries | dictionary | NOUN | Number=Plur | 1 Studies | nmod |
| 5 | suggest | suggest | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 6 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 13 came | mark |
| 7 | more | more | ADJ | Degree=Cmp ExtPos=ADV | 9 half | advmod |
| 8 | than | than | ADP | _ | 7 more | fixed |
| 9 | half | half | NOUN | Number=Sing NumForm=Word NumType=Frac | 13 came | nsubj |
| 10 | of | of | ADP | _ | 12 words | case |
| 11 | English | English | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 12 words | amod |
| 12 | words | word | NOUN | Number=Plur | 9 half | nmod |
| 13 | came | come | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 5 suggest | ccomp |
| 14 | from | from | ADP | _ | 15 Latin | case |
| 15 | Latin | Latin | PROPN | Number=Sing | 13 came | obl |
| 16 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 17 French | cc |
| 17 | French | French | PROPN | Number=Sing | 15 Latin | conj |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 39 English | punct |
| 19 | but | but | CCONJ | _ | 39 English | cc |
| 20 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 22 core | det |
| 21 | everyday | everyday | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 22 core | amod |
| 22 | core | core | NOUN | Number=Sing | 39 English | nsubj |
| 23 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 32 house | punct |
| 24 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 32 house | det |
| 25 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 32 house | punct |
| 26 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 32 house | cc |
| 27 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 26 and | punct |
| 28 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 32 house | cop |
| 29 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 28 is | punct |
| 30 | you | you | PRON | Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs | 32 house | nsubj |
| 31 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 32 house | punct |
| 32 | house | house | NOUN | Number=Sing | 22 core | appos |
| 33 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 34 water | punct |
| 34 | water | water | NOUN | Number=Sing | 32 house | conj |
| 35 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 32 house | punct |
| 36 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 39 English | cop |
| 37 | mostly | mostly | ADV | _ | 39 English | advmod |
| 38 | Old | old | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 39 English | amod |
| 39 | English | English | PROPN | Number=Sing | 13 came | conj |
| 40 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 suggest | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | suggest speech: suggest | present | Studies of big dictionaries | vn say-37.7-1-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 2 | come | past | half of English words | Latin and French | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme from latin=Initial_Location | ||||
| 3 | is a | present | you | the house and water | tree rules | ||||
| 4 | is a | present | the everyday core | Old English | mostly property | tree rules | |||
| 5 | study | big dictionaries | nom study «act transitive»: of=patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:023-borrowed-words-french-norse-and-latin.lesson:16.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/23-borrowed-words-french-norse-and-latin/16/