Borrowed words: French, Norse and Latin, sentence 6
"Sky", "skin", "skull" and "egg" came from Old Norse, the language of the Vikings, who settled in England from about 800 AD; a word starting with sk- is often Norse.
Who acts: Sky, Vikings, word · What happens: come, settle, start, be · To what, where: Old Norse, England
This is a sentence of the lesson «Borrowed words: French, Norse and Latin» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Sky, Vikings, word), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 2 Sky | punct |
| 2 | Sky | sky | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 came | nsubj |
| 3 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 2 Sky | punct |
| 4 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 6 skin | punct |
| 5 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 6 skin | punct |
| 6 | skin | skin | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 Sky | appos |
| 7 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 6 skin | punct |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 2 Sky | punct |
| 9 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 10 skull | punct |
| 10 | skull | skull | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 came | nsubj |
| 11 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 10 skull | punct |
| 12 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 14 egg | cc |
| 13 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 14 egg | punct |
| 14 | egg | egg | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 skull | conj |
| 15 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 14 egg | punct |
| 16 | came | come | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 17 | from | from | ADP | _ | 19 Norse | case |
| 18 | Old | old | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 19 Norse | amod |
| 19 | Norse | Norse | PROPN | Number=Sing | 16 came | obl |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 22 language | punct |
| 21 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 22 language | det |
| 22 | language | language | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 Norse | appos |
| 23 | of | of | ADP | _ | 25 Vikings | case |
| 24 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 25 Vikings | det |
| 25 | Vikings | viking | PROPN | Number=Plur | 22 language | nmod |
| 26 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 28 settled | punct |
| 27 | who | who | PRON | PronType=Rel | 28 settled | nsubj |
| 28 | settled | settle | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 25 Vikings | acl:relcl |
| 29 | in | in | ADP | _ | 30 England | case |
| 30 | England | England | PROPN | Number=Sing | 28 settled | obl |
| 31 | from | from | ADP | _ | 33 800 | case |
| 32 | about | about | ADV | _ | 33 800 | advmod |
| 33 | 800 | 800 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 28 settled | obl |
| 34 | AD | ad | NOUN | Number=Sing | 33 800 | nmod:unmarked |
| 35 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 44 Norse | punct |
| 36 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 37 word | det |
| 37 | word | word | NOUN | Number=Sing | 44 Norse | nsubj |
| 38 | starting | start | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 37 word | acl |
| 39 | with | with | ADP | _ | 40 sk | case |
| 40 | sk | sk | NOUN | Number=Sing | 38 starting | obl |
| 41 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 37 word | punct |
| 42 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 44 Norse | cop |
| 43 | often | often | ADV | _ | 44 Norse | advmod |
| 44 | Norse | norse | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 16 came | conj |
| 45 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 16 came | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | come | past | Sky | Old Norse | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme from norse=Initial_Location | ||||
| 2 | settle | past | the Vikings | England | from 800 AD | vn odge-46-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in england=Location | |||
| 3 | start | gerund | a word not said here | with sk | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V PP.subeventuality»: agent=Eventuality with sk=Subeventuality | ||||
| 4 | is | present | a word | norse, often property | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:023-borrowed-words-french-norse-and-latin.lesson:6.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R6-punct-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×3. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/23-borrowed-words-french-norse-and-latin/6/