Borrowed words from far away: Hindi, Arabic, Chinese, Ukrainian and more, sentence 10
Many experts think "ketchup" comes from Hokkien, a Chinese language, "kê-tsiap", a fish sauce; this is likely but still argued about, and it became a tomato sauce in America in the 1800s.
Who acts: Many experts, ketchup, this · What happens: think, come, be, argue, become · To what, where: Hokkien, tomato sauce · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «Borrowed words from far away: Hindi, Arabic, Chinese, Ukrainian and more» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Many experts, ketchup, this), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Many | many | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 2 experts | amod |
| 2 | experts | expert | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 think | nsubj |
| 3 | think | think | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 5 ketchup | punct |
| 5 | ketchup | ketchup | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 comes | nsubj |
| 6 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 5 ketchup | punct |
| 7 | comes | come | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 think | ccomp |
| 8 | from | from | ADP | _ | 9 Hokkien | case |
| 9 | Hokkien | Hokkien | PROPN | Number=Sing | 7 comes | obl |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 13 language | punct |
| 11 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 13 language | det |
| 12 | Chinese | Chinese | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 13 language | amod |
| 13 | language | language | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 Hokkien | appos |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 13 language | punct |
| 15 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 13 language | punct |
| 16 | kê | kê | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 tsiap | compound |
| 17 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 18 tsiap | punct |
| 18 | tsiap | tsiap | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 Hokkien | appos |
| 19 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 18 tsiap | punct |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 23 sauce | punct |
| 21 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 23 sauce | det |
| 22 | fish | fish | NOUN | Number=Sing | 23 sauce | compound |
| 23 | sauce | sauce | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 Hokkien | appos |
| 24 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 27 likely | punct |
| 25 | this | this | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 27 likely | nsubj |
| 26 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 27 likely | cop |
| 27 | likely | likely | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 9 Hokkien | parataxis |
| 28 | but | but | CCONJ | _ | 30 argued | cc |
| 29 | still | still | ADV | _ | 30 argued | advmod |
| 30 | argued | argue | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 27 likely | conj |
| 31 | about | about | ADV | _ | 30 argued | advmod |
| 32 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 35 became | punct |
| 33 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 35 became | cc |
| 34 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 35 became | nsubj |
| 35 | became | become | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 think | conj |
| 36 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 38 sauce | det |
| 37 | tomato | tomato | NOUN | Number=Sing | 38 sauce | compound |
| 38 | sauce | sauce | NOUN | Number=Sing | 35 became | xcomp |
| 39 | in | in | ADP | _ | 40 America | case |
| 40 | America | America | PROPN | Number=Sing | 38 sauce | nmod |
| 41 | in | in | ADP | _ | 43 1800s | case |
| 42 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 43 1800s | det |
| 43 | 1800s | 1800 | NOUN | Number=Ptan NumForm=Combi NumType=Card | 38 sauce | nmod |
| 44 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 think | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- narrate
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- none
- hedged
- yes
- teacher
- kept the draft
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | think speech: other | present | Many experts | vn consider-29.9-2 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme | |||||
| 2 | come | present | ketchup | Hokkien | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme from hokkien=Initial_Location | ||||
| 3 | is | present | this | likely property | tree rules | ||||
| 4 | argue speech: disagree | participle | this not said here | still | about property | vn correspond-36.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||
| 5 | become | past | ketchup | a tomato sauce in America in the 1800s | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:024-borrowed-words-from-far-away.lesson:10.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R6-punct-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/24-borrowed-words-from-far-away/10/