Borrowed words from far away: Hindi, Arabic, Chinese, Ukrainian and more, sentence 9
The idea of zero came from India; Arab mathematicians passed it to Europe, and its name came from Arabic "ṣifr", empty, which also gave "cipher".
Who acts: idea, Arab mathematicians, name, Arabic ṣifr · What happens: come, pass, give, name · To what, where: India, idea, Europe, Arabic ṣifr, cipher
This is a sentence of the lesson «Borrowed words from far away: Hindi, Arabic, Chinese, Ukrainian and more» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (idea, Arab mathematicians, name, Arabic ṣifr), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 idea | det |
| 2 | idea | idea | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 came | nsubj |
| 3 | of | of | ADP | _ | 4 zero | case |
| 4 | zero | zero | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 2 idea | nmod |
| 5 | came | come | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 6 | from | from | ADP | _ | 7 India | case |
| 7 | India | India | PROPN | Number=Sing | 5 came | obl |
| 8 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 11 passed | punct |
| 9 | Arab | Arab | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 10 mathematicians | amod |
| 10 | mathematicians | mathematician | NOUN | Number=Plur | 11 passed | nsubj |
| 11 | passed | pass | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 5 came | parataxis |
| 12 | it | it | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 11 passed | obj |
| 13 | to | to | ADP | _ | 14 Europe | case |
| 14 | Europe | Europe | PROPN | Number=Sing | 11 passed | obl |
| 15 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 19 came | punct |
| 16 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 19 came | cc |
| 17 | its | its | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 18 name | nmod:poss |
| 18 | name | name | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 came | nsubj |
| 19 | came | come | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 5 came | conj |
| 20 | from | from | ADP | _ | 23 ṣifr | case |
| 21 | Arabic | Arabic | PROPN | Number=Sing | 23 ṣifr | compound |
| 22 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 23 ṣifr | punct |
| 23 | ṣifr | ṣifr | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 came | obl |
| 24 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 23 ṣifr | punct |
| 25 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 26 empty | punct |
| 26 | empty | empty | NOUN | Number=Sing | 23 ṣifr | conj |
| 27 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 30 gave | punct |
| 28 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 30 gave | nsubj |
| 29 | also | also | ADV | _ | 30 gave | advmod |
| 30 | gave | give | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 23 ṣifr | acl:relcl |
| 31 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 32 cipher | punct |
| 32 | cipher | cipher | NOUN | Number=Sing | 30 gave | obj |
| 33 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 32 cipher | punct |
| 34 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 came | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | come | past | the idea of zero | India | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme from india=Initial_Location | ||||
| 2 | pass | past | Arab mathematicians | idea | Europe | vn give-13.1 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent it=Theme to europe=Recipient | |||
| 3 | come | past | idea's name | Arabic ṣifr and empty | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme from ṣifr=Initial_Location | ||||
| 4 | give | past | Arabic ṣifr and empty | cipher | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cipher=Theme | ||||
| 5 | name | idea | nom name «communication transitive»: poss=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:024-borrowed-words-from-far-away.lesson:9.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/24-borrowed-words-from-far-away/9/