Borrowed words from far away: Hindi, Arabic, Chinese, Ukrainian and more, sentence 7
"Algebra" comes from Arabic "al-jabr", putting broken parts together, from a maths book by the scholar al-Khwarizmi in Baghdad in the 800s; his name gave us "algorithm".
Who acts: Algebra, name · What happens: come, put, break, give, name · To what, where: al jabr, broken parts, maths book, algorithm, us
This is a sentence of the lesson «Borrowed words from far away: Hindi, Arabic, Chinese, Ukrainian and more» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Algebra, name), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 2 Algebra | punct |
| 2 | Algebra | algebra | PROPN | Number=Sing | 4 comes | nsubj |
| 3 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 2 Algebra | punct |
| 4 | comes | come | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 5 | from | from | ADP | _ | 6 Arabic | case |
| 6 | Arabic | Arabic | PROPN | Number=Sing | 10 jabr | obl |
| 7 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 6 Arabic | punct |
| 8 | al | Al | PROPN | Number=Sing | 10 jabr | compound |
| 9 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 10 jabr | punct |
| 10 | jabr | jabr | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 comes | obl |
| 11 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 10 jabr | punct |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 13 putting | punct |
| 13 | putting | put | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 4 comes | advcl |
| 14 | broken | break | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 15 parts | amod |
| 15 | parts | part | NOUN | Number=Plur | 13 putting | obj |
| 16 | together | together | ADV | _ | 13 putting | advmod |
| 17 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 21 book | punct |
| 18 | from | from | ADP | _ | 21 book | case |
| 19 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 21 book | det |
| 20 | maths | math | NOUN | Number=Sing | 21 book | compound |
| 21 | book | book | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 putting | obl |
| 22 | by | by | ADP | _ | 24 scholar | case |
| 23 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 24 scholar | det |
| 24 | scholar | scholar | NOUN | Number=Sing | 21 book | nmod |
| 25 | al | Al | PROPN | Number=Sing | 24 scholar | appos |
| 26 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 25 al | punct |
| 27 | Khwarizmi | Khwarizmi | PROPN | Number=Sing | 25 al | flat |
| 28 | in | in | ADP | _ | 29 Baghdad | case |
| 29 | Baghdad | Baghdad | PROPN | Number=Sing | 21 book | nmod |
| 30 | in | in | ADP | _ | 32 800s | case |
| 31 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 32 800s | det |
| 32 | 800s | 800 | NOUN | Number=Ptan NumForm=Combi NumType=Card | 21 book | nmod |
| 33 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 36 gave | punct |
| 34 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 35 name | nmod:poss |
| 35 | name | name | NOUN | Number=Sing | 36 gave | nsubj |
| 36 | gave | give | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 4 comes | parataxis |
| 37 | us | we | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs | 36 gave | iobj |
| 38 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 39 algorithm | punct |
| 39 | algorithm | algorithm | NOUN | Number=Sing | 36 gave | obj |
| 40 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 39 algorithm | punct |
| 41 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 comes | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- assert
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- none
- teacher
- changed act=assert
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | come | present | Algebra | al jabr | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 2 | put | gerund | Algebra not said here | broken parts | a maths book by the scholar in Baghdad in the 800s | together property | vn invest-13.5.4-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent part=Goal | ||
| 3 | break | participle | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient | ||||||
| 4 | give | past | Algebra's name | algorithm | us | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent we=Recipient algorithm=Theme | |||
| 5 | name | Algebra | nom name «communication transitive»: poss=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:024-borrowed-words-from-far-away.lesson:7.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×4. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/24-borrowed-words-from-far-away/7/