Borrowed words from far away: Hindi, Arabic, Chinese, Ukrainian and more, sentence 14
"Cossack" came into English from Ukrainian "козак" (kozak) and Russian "kazak"; it probably goes back to a Turkic word for a free person; Cossacks were free warrior communities on the Ukrainian steppe, a huge grassy plain.
Who acts: Cossack, kazak, Cossacks · What happens: come, go back, be · To what, where: козак, English, free warrior communities, Ukrainian steppe
This is a sentence of the lesson «Borrowed words from far away: Hindi, Arabic, Chinese, Ukrainian and more» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Cossack, kazak, Cossacks), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 2 Cossack | punct |
| 2 | Cossack | cossack | PROPN | Number=Sing | 4 came | nsubj |
| 3 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 2 Cossack | punct |
| 4 | came | come | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 5 | into | into | ADP | _ | 6 English | case |
| 6 | English | English | PROPN | Number=Sing | 4 came | obl |
| 7 | from | from | ADP | _ | 8 Ukrainian | case |
| 8 | Ukrainian | Ukrainian | PROPN | Number=Sing | 4 came | obl |
| 9 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 10 козак | punct |
| 10 | козак | козак | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 came | obl |
| 11 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 10 козак | punct |
| 12 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 13 kozak | punct |
| 13 | kozak | kozak | PROPN | Number=Sing | 10 козак | appos |
| 14 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 13 kozak | punct |
| 15 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 18 kazak | cc |
| 16 | Russian | Russian | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 18 kazak | amod |
| 17 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 18 kazak | punct |
| 18 | kazak | kazak | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 козак | conj |
| 19 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 18 kazak | punct |
| 20 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 23 goes | punct |
| 21 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 23 goes | nsubj |
| 22 | probably | probably | ADV | _ | 23 goes | advmod |
| 23 | goes | go | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 came | parataxis |
| 24 | back | back | ADV | _ | 23 goes | advmod |
| 25 | to | to | ADP | _ | 28 word | case |
| 26 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 28 word | det |
| 27 | Turkic | turkic | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 28 word | amod |
| 28 | word | word | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 back | obl |
| 29 | for | for | ADP | _ | 32 person | case |
| 30 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 32 person | det |
| 31 | free | free | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 32 person | amod |
| 32 | person | person | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 word | nmod |
| 33 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 38 communities | punct |
| 34 | Cossacks | cossack | PROPN | Number=Plur | 38 communities | nsubj |
| 35 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 38 communities | cop |
| 36 | free | free | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 38 communities | amod |
| 37 | warrior | warrior | NOUN | Number=Sing | 38 communities | compound |
| 38 | communities | community | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 came | parataxis |
| 39 | on | on | ADP | _ | 42 steppe | case |
| 40 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 42 steppe | det |
| 41 | Ukrainian | ukrainian | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 42 steppe | amod |
| 42 | steppe | steppe | NOUN | Number=Sing | 38 communities | nmod |
| 43 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 47 plain | punct |
| 44 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 47 plain | det |
| 45 | huge | huge | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 47 plain | amod |
| 46 | grassy | grassy | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 47 plain | amod |
| 47 | plain | plain | NOUN | Number=Sing | 42 steppe | appos |
| 48 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 came | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- assert
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- none
- teacher
- kept the draft
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | come | past | Cossack | козак and Russian kazak | English | from Ukrainian | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location PP.destination»: agent=Theme into english=Initial_Location from ukrainian=Destination | ||
| 2 | go back | present | kazak | probably property | vn convert-26.6.2 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Patient | ||||
| 3 | is a | past | Cossacks | free warrior communities | the Ukrainian steppe | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:024-borrowed-words-from-far-away.lesson:14.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×3, R8-pos-agree ×3. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/24-borrowed-words-from-far-away/14/