Borrowed words from far away: Hindi, Arabic, Chinese, Ukrainian and more, sentence 4
When a word's past is not certain, honest experts say "probably" or "likely", and so should we.
Who acts: past, honest experts · What happens: not be, say · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «Borrowed words from far away: Hindi, Arabic, Chinese, Ukrainian and more» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (past, honest experts), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | When | when | SCONJ | _ | 8 certain | mark |
| 2 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 3 word | det |
| 3 | word | word | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 past | nmod:poss |
| 4 | 's | 's | PART | _ | 3 word | case |
| 5 | past | past | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 certain | nsubj |
| 6 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 8 certain | cop |
| 7 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 8 certain | advmod |
| 8 | certain | certain | ADJ | Degree=Pos | root | root |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 12 say | punct |
| 10 | honest | honest | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 11 experts | amod |
| 11 | experts | expert | NOUN | Number=Plur | 12 say | nsubj |
| 12 | say | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 8 certain | conj |
| 13 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 14 probably | punct |
| 14 | probably | probably | ADV | _ | 18 likely | advmod |
| 15 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 14 probably | punct |
| 16 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 18 likely | cc |
| 17 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 18 likely | punct |
| 18 | likely | likely | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 12 say | ccomp |
| 19 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 18 likely | punct |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 23 should | punct |
| 21 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 23 should | cc |
| 22 | so | so | ADV | _ | 23 should | advmod |
| 23 | should | should | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 12 say | conj |
| 24 | we | we | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs | 23 should | nsubj |
| 25 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 12 say | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- assert
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- none
- teacher
- changed voice=narrator
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | not is | present | a word's past | certain property | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | say speech: assert | present | honest experts | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:024-borrowed-words-from-far-away.lesson:4.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/24-borrowed-words-from-far-away/4/