How babies learn to talk, sentence 9
When children use a rule on words that don't follow it, like "runned" and "falled", it is called overregularisation; it shows they are learning rules.
Who acts: children, words, it · What happens: use, not follow, runn, falled, call, show · To what, where: rule, words, word, rules · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «How babies learn to talk» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (children, words, it), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | When | when | ADV | PronType=Int | 3 use | advmod |
| 2 | children | child | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 use | nsubj |
| 3 | use | use | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 25 called | advcl |
| 4 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 5 rule | det |
| 5 | rule | rule | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 use | obj |
| 6 | on | on | ADP | _ | 7 words | case |
| 7 | words | word | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 rule | nmod |
| 8 | that | that | PRON | PronType=Rel | 11 follow | nsubj |
| 9 | do | do | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 11 follow | aux |
| 10 | n't | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 11 follow | advmod |
| 11 | follow | follow | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 7 words | acl:relcl |
| 12 | it | it | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 11 follow | obj |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 16 runned | punct |
| 14 | like | like | ADP | _ | 16 runned | case |
| 15 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 16 runned | punct |
| 16 | runned | runn | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 11 follow | obl |
| 17 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 16 runned | punct |
| 18 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 20 falled | cc |
| 19 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 20 falled | punct |
| 20 | falled | falled | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 16 runned | conj |
| 21 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 20 falled | punct |
| 22 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 3 use | punct |
| 23 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 25 called | nsubj:pass |
| 24 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 25 called | aux:pass |
| 25 | called | call | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 29 shows | parataxis |
| 26 | overregularisation | overregularisation | NOUN | Number=Sing | 25 called | xcomp |
| 27 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 3 use | punct |
| 28 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 29 shows | nsubj |
| 29 | shows | show | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 30 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 32 learning | nsubj |
| 31 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 32 learning | aux |
| 32 | learning | learn | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 29 shows | ccomp |
| 33 | rules | rule | NOUN | Number=Plur | 32 learning | obj |
| 34 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 29 shows | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | use | present | children | a rule | words | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent rule=Patient | |||
| 2 | not follow | present · do-support | words | word | vn chase-51.6 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme | ||||
| 3 | runn in a quote | past | tree rules | ||||||
| 4 | falled in a quote | participle | tree rules | ||||||
| 5 | call speech: assert | present · passive | word | vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient | |||||
| 6 | show | present | it | vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 7 | learn | present · progressive | Children = child | rules | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent rule=Topic |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:031-how-babies-learn-to-talk.lesson:9.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/31-how-babies-learn-to-talk/9/