Mandarin compared with English, sentence 10
Mandarin nouns usually don't change for plural: "三只猫" means three cats, and the number shows it; for people, "们" (men) can make a plural, as in "朋友们", friends.
Who acts: Mandarin nouns, 三只猫, number, 们 · What happens: not change, mean, show, make · To what, where: three cats, 三只猫, plural
This is a sentence of the lesson «Mandarin compared with English» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Mandarin nouns, 三只猫, number, 们), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Mandarin | mandarin | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 2 nouns | amod |
| 2 | nouns | noun | NOUN | Number=Plur | 6 change | nsubj |
| 3 | usually | usually | ADV | _ | 6 change | advmod |
| 4 | do | do | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 6 change | aux |
| 5 | n't | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 6 change | advmod |
| 6 | change | change | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | root | root |
| 7 | for | for | ADP | _ | 8 plural | case |
| 8 | plural | plural | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 change | obl |
| 9 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 13 means | punct |
| 10 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 11 三只猫 | punct |
| 11 | 三只猫 | 三只猫 | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 means | nsubj |
| 12 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 11 三只猫 | punct |
| 13 | means | mean | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 6 change | parataxis |
| 14 | three | three | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 15 cats | nummod |
| 15 | cats | cat | NOUN | Number=Plur | 13 means | obj |
| 16 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 20 shows | punct |
| 17 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 20 shows | cc |
| 18 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 19 number | det |
| 19 | number | number | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 shows | nsubj |
| 20 | shows | show | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 13 means | conj |
| 21 | it | it | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 20 shows | obj |
| 22 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 33 make | punct |
| 23 | for | for | ADP | _ | 24 people | case |
| 24 | people | people | NOUN | Number=Plur | 33 make | obl |
| 25 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 24 people | punct |
| 26 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 27 们 | punct |
| 27 | 们 | 们 | NOUN | Number=Sing | 33 make | nsubj |
| 28 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 27 们 | punct |
| 29 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 30 men | punct |
| 30 | men | man | NOUN | Number=Plur | 27 们 | appos |
| 31 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 30 men | punct |
| 32 | can | can | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 33 make | aux |
| 33 | make | make | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 6 change | conj |
| 34 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 35 plural | det |
| 35 | plural | plural | NOUN | Number=Sing | 33 make | obj |
| 36 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 40 朋友们 | punct |
| 37 | as | as | ADP | _ | 40 朋友们 | case |
| 38 | in | in | ADP | _ | 40 朋友们 | case |
| 39 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 40 朋友们 | punct |
| 40 | 朋友们 | 朋友们 | NOUN | Number=Sing | 33 make | obl |
| 41 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 40 朋友们 | punct |
| 42 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 43 friends | punct |
| 43 | friends | friend | NOUN | Number=Plur | 33 make | obl |
| 44 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 6 change | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | not change | present · do-support | Mandarin nouns | for plural; usually property | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 2 | mean | present | 三只猫 | three cats | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cat=Topic | ||||
| 3 | show | present | the number | 三只猫 | vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent it=Recipient | ||||
| 4 | make | can | 们 | a plural | for people; as 朋友们; friends obl | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent plural=Product for people=Beneficiary |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:034-mandarin-compared-with-english.lesson:10.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×3, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/34-mandarin-compared-with-english/10/