Mandarin compared with English, sentence 12
Mandarin has many four-character idioms called chéngyǔ, like "人山人海", "people mountain people sea", meaning a huge crowd.
Who acts: Mandarin, many character idioms, people · What happens: have, call, mountain, mean · To what, where: many character idioms, chéngyǔ, people sea, huge crowd · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «Mandarin compared with English» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Mandarin, many character idioms, people), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Mandarin | Mandarin | PROPN | Number=Sing | 2 has | nsubj |
| 2 | has | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | many | many | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 7 idioms | amod |
| 4 | four | four | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 6 character | nummod |
| 5 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 4 four | punct |
| 6 | character | character | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 idioms | compound |
| 7 | idioms | idiom | NOUN | Number=Plur | 2 has | obj |
| 8 | called | call | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 7 idioms | acl |
| 9 | chéngyǔ | chéngyǔ | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 called | xcomp |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 13 人山人海 | punct |
| 11 | like | like | ADP | _ | 13 人山人海 | case |
| 12 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 13 人山人海 | punct |
| 13 | 人山人海 | 人山人海 | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 idioms | nmod |
| 14 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 13 人山人海 | punct |
| 15 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 18 mountain | punct |
| 16 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 18 mountain | punct |
| 17 | people | people | NOUN | Number=Plur | 18 mountain | nsubj |
| 18 | mountain | mountain | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 7 idioms | conj |
| 19 | people | people | NOUN | Number=Plur | 20 sea | compound |
| 20 | sea | sea | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 mountain | obj |
| 21 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 20 sea | punct |
| 22 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 23 meaning | punct |
| 23 | meaning | mean | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 2 has | advcl |
| 24 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 26 crowd | det |
| 25 | huge | huge | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 26 crowd | amod |
| 26 | crowd | crowd | NOUN | Number=Sing | 23 meaning | obj |
| 27 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 has | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | have | present | Mandarin | many character idioms | like 人山人海 | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent idiom=Patient | |||
| 2 | call speech: assert | participle | many character idioms not said here | chéngyǔ | vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 3 | mountain in a quote | present | people | people sea | tree rules | ||||
| 4 | mean | gerund | Mandarin not said here | a huge crowd | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent crowd=Topic |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:034-mandarin-compared-with-english.lesson:12.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/34-mandarin-compared-with-english/12/