Mandarin compared with English, sentence 13
Adding "吗" (ma) to the end of a sentence turns it into a yes/no question: "你好吗?" (nǐ hǎo ma?) means "How are you?", literally "you good?".
Who acts: nǐ ma, you · What happens: add, turn, mean, be · To what, where: 吗, yes/no question · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «Mandarin compared with English» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (nǐ ma, you), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Adding | add | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | root | root |
| 2 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 3 吗 | punct |
| 3 | 吗 | 吗 | NOUN | Number=Sing | 1 Adding | obj |
| 4 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 3 吗 | punct |
| 5 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 6 ma | punct |
| 6 | ma | ma | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 吗 | appos |
| 7 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 6 ma | punct |
| 8 | to | to | ADP | _ | 10 end | case |
| 9 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 10 end | det |
| 10 | end | end | NOUN | Number=Sing | 1 Adding | obl |
| 11 | of | of | ADP | _ | 13 sentence | case |
| 12 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 13 sentence | det |
| 13 | sentence | sentence | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 end | nmod |
| 14 | turns | turn | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 1 Adding | conj |
| 15 | it | it | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 14 turns | obj |
| 16 | into | into | ADP | _ | 19 question | case |
| 17 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 19 question | det |
| 18 | yes/no | yes/no | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 question | compound |
| 19 | question | question | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 turns | obl |
| 20 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 22 你好吗 | punct |
| 21 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 22 你好吗 | punct |
| 22 | 你好吗 | 你好吗 | X | Foreign=Yes | 14 turns | conj |
| 23 | ? | ? | PUNCT | _ | 22 你好吗 | punct |
| 24 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 22 你好吗 | punct |
| 25 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 28 ma | punct |
| 26 | nǐ | nǐ | X | Foreign=Yes | 28 ma | amod |
| 27 | hǎo | hǎo | X | Foreign=Yes | 26 nǐ | flat |
| 28 | ma | ma | NOUN | Number=Sing | 31 means | nsubj |
| 29 | ? | ? | PUNCT | _ | 28 ma | punct |
| 30 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 28 ma | punct |
| 31 | means | mean | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 14 turns | parataxis |
| 32 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 33 How | punct |
| 33 | How | how | ADV | PronType=Int | 31 means | ccomp |
| 34 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 33 How | cop |
| 35 | you | you | PRON | Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs | 33 How | nsubj |
| 36 | ? | ? | PUNCT | _ | 33 How | punct |
| 37 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 33 How | punct |
| 38 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 42 good | punct |
| 39 | literally | literally | ADV | _ | 42 good | advmod |
| 40 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 42 good | punct |
| 41 | you | you | PRON | Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs | 42 good | nsubj |
| 42 | good | good | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 14 turns | conj |
| 43 | ? | ? | PUNCT | _ | 42 good | punct |
| 44 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 42 good | punct |
| 45 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 14 turns | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | add speech: assert | gerund | 吗 | to the end of a sentence | vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V NP PP.co-patient»: agent=Agent 吗=Patient to end=Co-Patient | ||||
| 2 | turn | present | 吗 | a yes/no question | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent it=Theme into question=Trajectory | ||||
| 3 | mean | present | nǐ ma | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 4 | is in a quote | present | you | how property | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:034-mandarin-compared-with-english.lesson:13.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×3, R6-punct-agree ×5. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/34-mandarin-compared-with-english/13/