Tenses: past, present and future, sentence 1

English has no special future ending on the verb, unlike Ukrainian or French; it uses helpers instead: "I will go", "I'm going to go", or even the present with a time word: "The train leaves at five".

Who acts: English, special future, verb, I, train · What happens: have, end, use, go, leave · To what, where: special future, verb, helpers, present, time word, five · Speech: someone speaks here

This is a sentence of the lesson «Tenses: past, present and future» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (English, special future, verb, I), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	English	English	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 has	nsubj
2	has	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	5 future	det
4	special	special	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 future	amod
5	future	future	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 has	obj
6	ending	end	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 future	acl
7	on	on	ADP	_	9 verb	case
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 verb	det
9	verb	verb	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 ending	obl
10	,	,	PUNCT	_	12 Ukrainian	punct
11	unlike	unlike	ADP	_	12 Ukrainian	case
12	Ukrainian	Ukrainian	PROPN	Number=Sing	9 verb	appos
13	or	or	CCONJ	_	14 French	cc
14	French	French	PROPN	Number=Sing	12 Ukrainian	conj
15	;	;	PUNCT	_	17 uses	punct
16	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	17 uses	nsubj
17	uses	use	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 has	parataxis
18	helpers	helper	NOUN	Number=Plur	17 uses	obj
19	instead	instead	ADV	_	17 uses	advmod
20	:	:	PUNCT	_	24 go	punct
21	"	"	PUNCT	_	24 go	punct
22	I	I	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs	24 go	nsubj
23	will	will	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	24 go	aux
24	go	go	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	17 uses	parataxis
25	"	"	PUNCT	_	24 go	punct
26	,	,	PUNCT	_	30 going	punct
27	"	"	PUNCT	_	30 going	punct
28	I	I	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs	30 going	nsubj
29	'm	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	30 going	aux
30	going	go	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	24 go	conj
31	to	to	PART	_	32 go	mark
32	go	go	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	30 going	xcomp
33	"	"	PUNCT	_	32 go	punct
34	,	,	PUNCT	_	38 present	punct
35	or	or	CCONJ	_	38 present	cc
36	even	even	ADV	_	38 present	advmod
37	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	38 present	det
38	present	present	NOUN	Number=Sing	32 go	obl
39	with	with	ADP	_	42 word	case
40	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	42 word	det
41	time	time	NOUN	Number=Sing	42 word	compound
42	word	word	NOUN	Number=Sing	38 present	nmod
43	:	:	PUNCT	_	47 leaves	punct
44	"	"	PUNCT	_	47 leaves	punct
45	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	46 train	det
46	train	train	NOUN	Number=Sing	47 leaves	nsubj
47	leaves	leave	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	42 word	acl:relcl
48	at	at	ADP	_	49 five	case
49	five	five	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	47 leaves	obl
50	"	"	PUNCT	_	47 leaves	punct
51	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 has	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	have	present	English	no special future			vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent future=Patient
2	end	gerund	no special future not said here		the verb		vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality
3	use	present	verb	helpers		instead property	vn use-105.1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent helper=Theme clause=Eventuality
4	go in a quote	future	I				vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
5	go in a quote	present · progressive	I				vn say-37.7 «NP V S-Quote»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
6	go in a quote	to-infinitive	I not said here	the present with a time word			vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
7	leave in a quote	present	the train	a time word not said here	five		vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent word=Theme at five=Location

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:language:008-tenses-past-present-future.lesson:1.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/language/8-tenses-past-present-future/1/