Antibiotics, viruses and side effects, sentence 3
Every time antibiotics are used, the few bacteria that happen to survive can multiply, so careless use breeds germs the medicine no longer kills; this is called antibiotic resistance.
Who acts: time, few bacteria, careless use, medicine · What happens: use, happen, survive, multiply, breed, kill · To what, where: antibiotics, germs, this · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «Antibiotics, viruses and side effects» of the medicine course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (time, few bacteria, careless use, medicine), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Every | every | DET | PronType=Tot | 2 time | det |
| 2 | time | time | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 multiply | obl:unmarked |
| 3 | antibiotics | antibiotic | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 used | nsubj:pass |
| 4 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 used | aux:pass |
| 5 | used | use | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 2 time | acl:relcl |
| 6 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 5 used | punct |
| 7 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 9 bacteria | det |
| 8 | few | few | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 9 bacteria | amod |
| 9 | bacteria | bacteria | NOUN | Number=Plur | 15 multiply | nsubj |
| 10 | that | that | PRON | PronType=Rel | 11 happen | nsubj |
| 11 | happen | happen | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 9 bacteria | acl:relcl |
| 12 | to | to | PART | _ | 13 survive | mark |
| 13 | survive | survive | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 11 happen | xcomp |
| 14 | can | can | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 15 multiply | aux |
| 15 | multiply | multiply | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | root | root |
| 16 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 15 multiply | punct |
| 17 | so | so | ADV | _ | 20 breeds | advmod |
| 18 | careless | careless | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 19 use | amod |
| 19 | use | use | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 breeds | nsubj |
| 20 | breeds | breed | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 15 multiply | conj |
| 21 | germs | germ | NOUN | Number=Plur | 20 breeds | obj |
| 22 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 23 medicine | det |
| 23 | medicine | medicine | NOUN | Number=Sing | 26 kills | nsubj |
| 24 | no | no | ADV | _ | 25 longer | advmod |
| 25 | longer | long | ADV | Degree=Cmp | 26 kills | advmod |
| 26 | kills | kill | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 21 germs | acl:relcl |
| 27 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 15 multiply | punct |
| 28 | this | this | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 30 called | nsubj:pass |
| 29 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 30 called | aux:pass |
| 30 | called | call | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 15 multiply | parataxis |
| 31 | antibiotic | antibiotic | NOUN | Number=Sing | 32 resistance | compound |
| 32 | resistance | resistance | NOUN | Number=Sing | 30 called | xcomp |
| 33 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 15 multiply | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | use | present · passive | every time not said here | antibiotics | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient | ||||
| 2 | happen | present | the few bacteria | tree rules | |||||
| 3 | survive | to-infinitive | the few bacteria not said here | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 4 | multiply | can | the few bacteria | time | vn birth-28.2-2 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 5 | breed | present | careless use | germs | tree rules | ||||
| 6 | kill | present | the medicine | germs not said here | long property | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent germ=Theme | |||
| 7 | call | present · passive | this | vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:medicine:019-antibiotics-viruses-and-side-effects.lesson:3.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/medicine/19-antibiotics-viruses-and-side-effects/3/