Immigration and borders, sentence 13
It was reported that many people tried to cross the US border with Mexico without permission around 2022 and 2023, and that crossings dropped sharply in 2024 and 2025 after rule changes; some parts have fences or walls, others none.
Who acts: many people, crossings, parts · What happens: report, try, cross, drop, have · To what, where: country, US border, 2024, fences
This is a sentence of the lesson «Immigration and borders» of the politics course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (many people, crossings, parts), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | It | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 3 reported | nsubj:pass |
| 2 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 reported | aux:pass |
| 3 | reported | report | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 4 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 7 tried | mark |
| 5 | many | many | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 6 people | amod |
| 6 | people | people | NOUN | Number=Plur | 7 tried | nsubj |
| 7 | tried | try | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 reported | ccomp |
| 8 | to | to | PART | _ | 9 cross | mark |
| 9 | cross | cross | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 7 tried | xcomp |
| 10 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 12 border | det |
| 11 | US | US | PROPN | Number=Sing | 12 border | compound |
| 12 | border | border | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 cross | obj |
| 13 | with | with | ADP | _ | 14 Mexico | case |
| 14 | Mexico | Mexico | PROPN | Number=Sing | 9 cross | obl |
| 15 | without | without | ADP | _ | 16 permission | case |
| 16 | permission | permission | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 cross | obl |
| 17 | around | around | ADP | _ | 18 2022 | case |
| 18 | 2022 | 2022 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 16 permission | appos |
| 19 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 20 2023 | cc |
| 20 | 2023 | 2023 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 18 2022 | conj |
| 21 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 25 dropped | punct |
| 22 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 25 dropped | cc |
| 23 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 25 dropped | mark |
| 24 | crossings | crossing | NOUN | Number=Plur | 25 dropped | nsubj |
| 25 | dropped | drop | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 7 tried | conj |
| 26 | sharply | sharply | ADV | Degree=Pos | 25 dropped | advmod |
| 27 | in | in | ADP | _ | 28 2024 | case |
| 28 | 2024 | 2024 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 25 dropped | obl |
| 29 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 30 2025 | cc |
| 30 | 2025 | 2025 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 28 2024 | conj |
| 31 | after | after | ADP | _ | 33 changes | case |
| 32 | rule | rule | NOUN | Number=Sing | 33 changes | compound |
| 33 | changes | change | NOUN | Number=Plur | 25 dropped | obl |
| 34 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 37 have | punct |
| 35 | some | some | DET | PronType=Ind | 36 parts | det |
| 36 | parts | part | NOUN | Number=Plur | 37 have | nsubj |
| 37 | have | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 reported | parataxis |
| 38 | fences | fence | NOUN | Number=Plur | 37 have | obj |
| 39 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 40 walls | cc |
| 40 | walls | wall | NOUN | Number=Plur | 38 fences | conj |
| 41 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 42 others | punct |
| 42 | others | other | NOUN | Number=Plur | 38 fences | nmod |
| 43 | none | none | PRON | PronType=Neg | 37 have | obj |
| 44 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 reported | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | report | past · passive | country | vn characterize-29.2-1-2 «NP V NP to be ADJ»: subject=Theme clause=Attribute | |||||
| 2 | try | past | many people | vn try-61.1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality | |||||
| 3 | cross not said to happen | to-infinitive | many people not said here | the US border | with Mexico; without permission | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent border=Patient | |||
| 4 | drop | past | crossings | 2024 | after rule changes | sharply property | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Theme in 2024=Trajectory | ||
| 5 | have | present | some parts | fences others or walls | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:politics:019-immigration-and-borders.lesson:13.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/politics/19-immigration-and-borders/13/