Electric cars and charging, sentence 10
A hybrid car has both a petrol engine and an electric motor with a small battery, and it switches between them or uses both, often driving silently at low speed in towns and starting the petrol engine when more power is needed, as on a hill.
Who acts: hybrid car, car · What happens: have, switch, use, drive, start, need · To what, where: petrol engine, both, low speed, more power
This is a sentence of the lesson «Electric cars and charging» of the technology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (hybrid car, car), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 3 car | det |
| 2 | hybrid | hybrid | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 3 car | amod |
| 3 | car | car | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 has | nsubj |
| 4 | has | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 5 | both | both | CCONJ | _ | 8 engine | cc:preconj |
| 6 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 8 engine | det |
| 7 | petrol | petrol | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 engine | compound |
| 8 | engine | engine | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 has | obj |
| 9 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 12 motor | cc |
| 10 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 12 motor | det |
| 11 | electric | electric | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 12 motor | amod |
| 12 | motor | motor | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 engine | conj |
| 13 | with | with | ADP | _ | 16 battery | case |
| 14 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 16 battery | det |
| 15 | small | small | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 16 battery | amod |
| 16 | battery | battery | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 motor | nmod |
| 17 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 20 switches | punct |
| 18 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 20 switches | cc |
| 19 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 20 switches | nsubj |
| 20 | switches | switch | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 has | conj |
| 21 | between | between | ADP | _ | 22 them | case |
| 22 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 20 switches | obl |
| 23 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 24 uses | cc |
| 24 | uses | use | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 20 switches | conj |
| 25 | both | both | DET | PronType=Tot | 24 uses | obj |
| 26 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 24 uses | punct |
| 27 | often | often | ADV | _ | 28 driving | advmod |
| 28 | driving | drive | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 24 uses | advcl |
| 29 | silently | silently | ADV | _ | 28 driving | advmod |
| 30 | at | at | ADP | _ | 32 speed | case |
| 31 | low | low | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 32 speed | amod |
| 32 | speed | speed | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 driving | obl |
| 33 | in | in | ADP | _ | 34 towns | case |
| 34 | towns | town | NOUN | Number=Plur | 28 driving | obl |
| 35 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 36 starting | cc |
| 36 | starting | start | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 28 driving | conj |
| 37 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 39 engine | det |
| 38 | petrol | petrol | NOUN | Number=Sing | 39 engine | compound |
| 39 | engine | engine | NOUN | Number=Sing | 36 starting | obj |
| 40 | when | when | SCONJ | _ | 44 needed | mark |
| 41 | more | more | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 42 power | amod |
| 42 | power | power | NOUN | Number=Sing | 44 needed | nsubj:pass |
| 43 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 44 needed | aux:pass |
| 44 | needed | need | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 36 starting | advcl |
| 45 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 49 hill | punct |
| 46 | as | as | ADP | _ | 49 hill | case |
| 47 | on | on | ADP | _ | 49 hill | case |
| 48 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 49 hill | det |
| 49 | hill | hill | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 driving | obl |
| 50 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 has | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | have | present | a hybrid car | a petrol engine and a electric motor with a small battery | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent engine=Patient | ||||
| 2 | switch | present | car | between motors = motor | vn convert-26.6.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient | ||||
| 3 | use | present | car not said here | both | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent both=Patient | ||||
| 4 | drive | gerund | car not said here | low speed | in towns; as a hill; often, silently property | vn put_direction-9.4 «NP V NP PP.initial_location PP.destination»: agent=Agent at speed=Destination in town=Initial_Location | |||
| 5 | start | gerund | car not said here | the petrol engine | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent engine=Eventuality | ||||
| 6 | need | present · passive | more power | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: subject=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:technology:019-electric-cars-and-charging.lesson:10.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/technology/19-electric-cars-and-charging/10/