Tunnels and what lies under the street, sentence 16

Before machines, tunnels were dug by hand with picks, shovels and explosives by the light of candles or lamps; the first tunnel under the River Thames opened in 1843.

Who acts: hand, first tunnel · What happens: dig, open, light · To what, where: tunnels, 1843, candles

This is a sentence of the lesson «Tunnels and what lies under the street» of the technology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (hand, first tunnel), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Before	before	ADP	_	2 machines	case
2	machines	machine	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 dug	obl
3	,	,	PUNCT	_	2 machines	punct
4	tunnels	tunnel	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 dug	nsubj:pass
5	were	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	6 dug	aux:pass
6	dug	dig	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	30 opened	conj
7	by	by	ADP	_	8 hand	case
8	hand	hand	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 dug	obl
9	with	with	ADP	_	10 picks	case
10	picks	pick	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 dug	obl
11	,	,	PUNCT	_	12 shovels	punct
12	shovels	shovel	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 picks	conj
13	and	and	CCONJ	_	14 explosives	cc
14	explosives	explosive	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 picks	conj
15	by	by	ADP	_	17 light	case
16	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	17 light	det
17	light	light	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 dug	obl
18	of	of	ADP	_	19 candles	case
19	candles	candle	NOUN	Number=Plur	17 light	nmod
20	or	or	CCONJ	_	21 lamps	cc
21	lamps	lamp	NOUN	Number=Plur	19 candles	conj
22	;	;	PUNCT	_	25 tunnel	punct
23	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	25 tunnel	det
24	first	first	ADJ	Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord	25 tunnel	amod
25	tunnel	tunnel	NOUN	Number=Sing	30 opened	nsubj
26	under	under	ADP	_	29 Thames	case
27	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	29 Thames	det
28	River	River	PROPN	Number=Sing	29 Thames	compound
29	Thames	Thames	PROPN	Number=Sing	25 tunnel	nmod
30	opened	open	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
31	in	in	ADP	_	32 1843	case
32	1843	1843	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	30 opened	obl
33	.	.	PUNCT	_	6 dug	punct

Pragmatics

form: statement
act: assert
voice: narrator
polarity: none
teacher: kept the draft

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	dig	past · passive	hand	tunnels		before machines	with picks and shovels and explosives; by the light of candles or lamps	vn poke-19-1-1-1 «NP V NP.theme PP.instsrument»: agent=Agent subject=Theme with pick=Instrument
2	open	past	the first tunnel under the River Thames		1843			vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in 1843=Location
3	light			candles or lamps				nom light «phenomenon transitive»: of=patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:technology:029-tunnels-and-under-the-street.lesson:16.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/technology/29-tunnels-and-under-the-street/16/