Thinking like an astronomer, sentence 2
The night sky is dark although there are countless stars, because the universe had a beginning: light from very distant stars has not had time to reach us, and so in most directions our sight runs out into darkness before it meets a star.
Who acts: night sky, countless stars, universe, light, sight, our · What happens: be, have, not have, reach, run out, meet · To what, where: beginning, us, most directions, star
This is a sentence of the lesson «Thinking like an astronomer» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (night sky, countless stars, universe, light), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 3 sky | det |
| 2 | night | night | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 sky | compound |
| 3 | sky | sky | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 dark | nsubj |
| 4 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 dark | cop |
| 5 | dark | dark | ADJ | Degree=Pos | root | root |
| 6 | although | although | SCONJ | _ | 8 are | mark |
| 7 | there | there | PRON | PronType=Dem | 8 are | expl |
| 8 | are | be | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 dark | advcl |
| 9 | countless | countless | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 10 stars | amod |
| 10 | stars | star | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 are | nsubj |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 15 had | punct |
| 12 | because | because | SCONJ | _ | 15 had | mark |
| 13 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 14 universe | det |
| 14 | universe | universe | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 had | nsubj |
| 15 | had | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 5 dark | advcl |
| 16 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 17 beginning | det |
| 17 | beginning | beginning | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 had | obj |
| 18 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 19 light | punct |
| 19 | light | light | NOUN | Number=Sing | 26 had | nsubj |
| 20 | from | from | ADP | _ | 23 stars | case |
| 21 | very | very | ADV | _ | 22 distant | advmod |
| 22 | distant | distant | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 23 stars | amod |
| 23 | stars | star | NOUN | Number=Plur | 19 light | nmod |
| 24 | has | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 26 had | aux |
| 25 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 26 had | advmod |
| 26 | had | have | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 15 had | parataxis |
| 27 | time | time | NOUN | Number=Sing | 26 had | obj |
| 28 | to | to | PART | _ | 29 reach | mark |
| 29 | reach | reach | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 27 time | acl |
| 30 | us | we | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs | 29 reach | obj |
| 31 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 39 runs | punct |
| 32 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 39 runs | cc |
| 33 | so | so | ADV | _ | 39 runs | advmod |
| 34 | in | in | ADP | _ | 36 directions | case |
| 35 | most | most | ADJ | Degree=Sup | 36 directions | amod |
| 36 | directions | direction | NOUN | Number=Plur | 39 runs | obl |
| 37 | our | our | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 38 sight | nmod:poss |
| 38 | sight | sight | NOUN | Number=Sing | 39 runs | nsubj |
| 39 | runs | run | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 dark | parataxis |
| 40 | out | out | ADV | _ | 39 runs | advmod |
| 41 | into | into | ADP | _ | 42 darkness | case |
| 42 | darkness | darkness | NOUN | Number=Sing | 39 runs | obl |
| 43 | before | before | SCONJ | _ | 45 meets | mark |
| 44 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 45 meets | nsubj |
| 45 | meets | meet | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 39 runs | advcl |
| 46 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 47 star | det |
| 47 | star | star | NOUN | Number=Sing | 45 meets | obj |
| 48 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 dark | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is | present | the night sky | dark property | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | does | present | countless stars | there | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 3 | have | past | the universe | a beginning | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent beginning=Patient | ||||
| 4 | not have | present · perfect | light from distant stars | time | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 5 | reach | to-infinitive | light from distant stars not said here | us | vn body_motion-49.2-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Agent we=Theme | ||||
| 6 | run out | present | our sight | most directions | into darkness result; out property | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.result»: agent=Theme into darkness=Result | |||
| 7 | meet | present | sight | a star | vn meet-36.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent star=Co-Agent | ||||
| 8 | sight | our | nom sight «cognition transitive»: poss=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:world:010-reasoning-about-space.lesson:2.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/10-reasoning-about-space/2/