Thinking like a geographer: rivers, mountains and deserts, sentence 2

High in the mountains it is colder, even though you are a little closer to the Sun: sunlight warms the ground, the ground warms the air, and air that rises expands in the thinner air above and cools, by about 6 degrees for every kilometre up; so snow lies on Kilimanjaro in Africa, near the equator.

Who acts: Sun, you, sunlight, ground, air, snow · What happens: be, warm, rise, expand, cool, lie · To what, where: ground, air, 6 degrees, thinner air, Kilimanjaro

This is a sentence of the lesson «Thinking like a geographer: rivers, mountains and deserts» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Sun, you, sunlight, ground), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	High	high	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 colder	advmod
2	in	in	ADP	_	4 mountains	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 mountains	det
4	mountains	mountain	NOUN	Number=Plur	1 High	obl
5	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	7 colder	nsubj
6	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 colder	cop
7	colder	cold	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	root	root
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	15 closer	punct
9	even	even	ADV	_	15 closer	advmod
10	though	though	SCONJ	_	15 closer	mark
11	you	you	PRON	Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs	15 closer	nsubj
12	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	15 closer	cop
13	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	14 little	det
14	little	little	ADJ	Degree=Pos	15 closer	obl:unmarked
15	closer	close	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	7 colder	advcl
16	to	to	ADP	_	18 Sun	case
17	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	18 Sun	det
18	Sun	Sun	PROPN	Number=Sing	15 closer	obl
19	:	:	PUNCT	_	21 warms	punct
20	sunlight	sunlight	NOUN	Number=Sing	21 warms	nsubj
21	warms	warm	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 colder	parataxis
22	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	23 ground	det
23	ground	ground	NOUN	Number=Sing	21 warms	obj
24	,	,	PUNCT	_	27 warms	punct
25	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	26 ground	det
26	ground	ground	NOUN	Number=Sing	27 warms	nsubj
27	warms	warm	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	35 expands	advcl
28	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	29 air	det
29	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	27 warms	obj
30	,	,	PUNCT	_	35 expands	punct
31	and	and	CCONJ	_	32 air	cc
32	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	35 expands	nsubj
33	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	34 rises	nsubj
34	rises	rise	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	32 air	acl:relcl
35	expands	expand	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 colder	parataxis
36	in	in	ADP	_	39 air	case
37	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	39 air	det
38	thinner	thin	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	39 air	amod
39	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	35 expands	obl
40	above	above	ADV	_	39 air	advmod
41	and	and	CCONJ	_	42 cools	cc
42	cools	cool	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	35 expands	conj
43	,	,	PUNCT	_	47 degrees	punct
44	by	by	ADP	_	47 degrees	case
45	about	about	ADV	_	46 6	advmod
46	6	6	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	47 degrees	nummod
47	degrees	degree	NOUN	Number=Plur	35 expands	obj
48	for	for	ADP	_	50 kilometre	case
49	every	every	DET	PronType=Tot	50 kilometre	det
50	kilometre	kilometre	NOUN	Number=Sing	47 degrees	nmod
51	up	up	ADV	_	50 kilometre	advmod
52	;	;	PUNCT	_	54 snow	punct
53	so	so	ADV	_	55 lies	advmod
54	snow	snow	NOUN	Number=Sing	55 lies	nsubj
55	lies	lie	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	35 expands	conj
56	on	on	ADP	_	57 Kilimanjaro	case
57	Kilimanjaro	Kilimanjaro	PROPN	Number=Sing	55 lies	obl
58	in	in	ADP	_	59 Africa	case
59	Africa	Africa	PROPN	Number=Sing	55 lies	obl
60	,	,	PUNCT	_	63 equator	punct
61	near	near	ADP	_	63 equator	case
62	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	63 equator	det
63	equator	equator	NOUN	Number=Sing	55 lies	obl
64	.	.	PUNCT	_	7 colder	punct

Pragmatics

form: statement
act: narrate
voice: narrator
polarity: none
teacher: changed polarity=none

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	is	present	Sun			cold property	tree rules
2	is	present	you			to the Sun; a little obl:unmarked; close property	tree rules
3	warm	present	sunlight	the ground			vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent ground=Patient
4	warm	present	the ground	the air			vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent air=Patient
5	rise	present	air				vn assuming_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent
6	expand	present	air	6 degrees	the thinner air	for every kilometre	vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent degree=Patient
7	cool	present	air not said here				vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
8	lie	present	snow		Kilimanjaro	in Africa; near the equator	vn assuming_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on kilimanjaro=Location

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:world:050-why-the-earth-is-so.lesson:2.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×2, R7-rel-agree ×5. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/50-why-the-earth-is-so/2/