Trees and forests through the year, sentence 3
A forest has layers: tall trees make the canopy, smaller trees and bushes grow beneath, and the forest floor is covered with fallen leaves that rot and feed the soil.
Who acts: forest, tall trees, smaller trees, fallen leaves · What happens: have, make, grow, cover, fall, rot · To what, where: layers, canopy, forest floor, soil
This is a sentence of the lesson «Trees and forests through the year» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (forest, tall trees, smaller trees, fallen leaves), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 2 forest | det |
| 2 | forest | forest | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 has | nsubj |
| 3 | has | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | layers | layer | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 has | obj |
| 5 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 8 make | punct |
| 6 | tall | tall | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 7 trees | amod |
| 7 | trees | tree | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 make | nsubj |
| 8 | make | make | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 has | parataxis |
| 9 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 10 canopy | det |
| 10 | canopy | canopy | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 make | obj |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 16 grow | punct |
| 12 | smaller | small | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 13 trees | amod |
| 13 | trees | tree | NOUN | Number=Plur | 16 grow | nsubj |
| 14 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 15 bushes | cc |
| 15 | bushes | bush | NOUN | Number=Plur | 13 trees | conj |
| 16 | grow | grow | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 8 make | conj |
| 17 | beneath | beneath | ADV | _ | 16 grow | advmod |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 24 covered | punct |
| 19 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 24 covered | cc |
| 20 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 22 floor | det |
| 21 | forest | forest | NOUN | Number=Sing | 22 floor | compound |
| 22 | floor | floor | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 covered | nsubj:pass |
| 23 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 24 covered | aux:pass |
| 24 | covered | cover | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 8 make | conj |
| 25 | with | with | ADP | _ | 27 leaves | case |
| 26 | fallen | fall | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 27 leaves | amod |
| 27 | leaves | leaf | NOUN | Number=Plur | 24 covered | obl |
| 28 | that | that | PRON | PronType=Rel | 29 rot | nsubj |
| 29 | rot | rot | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 27 leaves | acl:relcl |
| 30 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 31 feed | cc |
| 31 | feed | feed | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 29 rot | conj |
| 32 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 33 soil | det |
| 33 | soil | soil | NOUN | Number=Sing | 31 feed | obj |
| 34 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 has | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- assert
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- none
- teacher
- kept the draft
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | have | present | a forest | layers | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent layer=Patient | ||||
| 2 | make | present | tall trees | the canopy | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset canopy=Product | ||||
| 3 | grow | present | smaller trees and bushes | beneath property | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 4 | cover | present · passive | the forest floor | with fallen leaves | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: subject=Destination with leaf=Theme | ||||
| 5 | fall | participle | vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||||
| 6 | rot | present | fallen leaves | vn entity_specific_cos-45.5 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient | |||||
| 7 | feed | present | fallen leaves not said here | the soil | vn feeding-39.7 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent soil=Recipient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:world:076-trees-and-forests-through-the-year.lesson:3.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/76-trees-and-forests-through-the-year/3/