Fungi, bacteria and tiny living things, sentence 3
Most bacteria are harmless or helpful: they rot dead things, help us digest food and turn milk into yogurt; only a few cause illness, and yeast makes bread rise by giving off bubbles of gas.
Who acts: Most bacteria, Bacteria, us, few, yeast · What happens: be, rot, help, digest, turn, cause · To what, where: dead things, us, food, milk, yogurt, bread rise
This is a sentence of the lesson «Fungi, bacteria and tiny living things» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Most bacteria, Bacteria, us, few), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Most | most | ADJ | Degree=Sup | 2 bacteria | amod |
| 2 | bacteria | bacterium | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 harmless | nsubj |
| 3 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 harmless | cop |
| 4 | harmless | harmless | ADJ | Degree=Pos | root | root |
| 5 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 6 helpful | cc |
| 6 | helpful | helpful | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 4 harmless | conj |
| 7 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 4 harmless | punct |
| 8 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 9 rot | nsubj |
| 9 | rot | rot | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 harmless | parataxis |
| 10 | dead | dead | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 11 things | amod |
| 11 | things | thing | NOUN | Number=Plur | 9 rot | obj |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 13 help | punct |
| 13 | help | help | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 9 rot | conj |
| 14 | us | we | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs | 13 help | obj |
| 15 | digest | digest | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 13 help | xcomp |
| 16 | food | food | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 digest | obj |
| 17 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 18 turn | cc |
| 18 | turn | turn | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 15 digest | conj |
| 19 | milk | milk | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 turn | obj |
| 20 | into | into | ADP | _ | 21 yogurt | case |
| 21 | yogurt | yogurt | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 turn | obl |
| 22 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 27 illness | punct |
| 23 | only | only | ADV | _ | 25 few | advmod |
| 24 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 25 few | det |
| 25 | few | few | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 26 cause | nsubj |
| 26 | cause | cause | NOUN | Number=Sing | 27 illness | compound |
| 27 | illness | illness | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 digest | obl |
| 28 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 31 makes | punct |
| 29 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 31 makes | cc |
| 30 | yeast | yeast | NOUN | Number=Sing | 31 makes | nsubj |
| 31 | makes | make | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 27 illness | conj |
| 32 | bread | bread | NOUN | Number=Sing | 33 rise | compound |
| 33 | rise | rise | NOUN | Number=Sing | 31 makes | obj |
| 34 | by | by | SCONJ | _ | 35 giving | mark |
| 35 | giving | give | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 31 makes | advcl |
| 36 | off | off | ADP | _ | 35 giving | compound:prt |
| 37 | bubbles | bubble | NOUN | Number=Plur | 35 giving | obj |
| 38 | of | of | ADP | _ | 39 gas | case |
| 39 | gas | gas | NOUN | Number=Sing | 37 bubbles | nmod |
| 40 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 harmless | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is | present | Most bacteria | harmless property | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | be | Most bacteria not said here | tree rules | ||||||
| 3 | rot | present | Bacteria = bacterium | dead things | tree rules | ||||
| 4 | help | present | Bacteria = bacterium not said here | us | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent we=Beneficiary clause=Theme | ||||
| 5 | digest | infinitive | us not said here | food | cause illness obl | tree rules | |||
| 6 | turn | infinitive | us not said here | milk | yogurt | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent milk=Theme into yogurt=Trajectory | |||
| 7 | cause | a few | tree rules | ||||||
| 8 | make | present | yeast | bread rise | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset rise=Product | ||||
| 9 | give off | gerund | yeast not said here | bubbles of gas | vn substance_emission-43.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Source bubble=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:world:077-fungi-bacteria-tiny-living-things.lesson:3.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×4, R6-punct-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/world/77-fungi-bacteria-tiny-living-things/3/