The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories, Little Friend Coyote, sentence 130
The woman had been telling her companion—she talked to him now as she would have talked to a person—that her feet were swollen so badly she could go no farther, and then she fell asleep.
Who acts: woman · What happens: tell, talk, swell, go, fall · To what, where: companion, coyote, feet · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Little Friend Coyote. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (woman), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 woman | det |
| 2 | woman | woman | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 telling | nsubj |
| 3 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 5 telling | aux |
| 4 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 5 telling | aux |
| 5 | telling | tell | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | root | root |
| 6 | her | her | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 7 companion | nmod:poss |
| 7 | companion | companion | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 telling | obj |
| 8 | — | - | PUNCT | _ | 10 talked | punct |
| 9 | she | she | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 10 talked | nsubj |
| 10 | talked | talk | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 5 telling | conj |
| 11 | to | to | ADP | _ | 12 him | case |
| 12 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 10 talked | obl |
| 13 | now | now | ADV | PronType=Dem | 18 talked | advmod |
| 14 | as | as | SCONJ | _ | 18 talked | mark |
| 15 | she | she | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 18 talked | nsubj |
| 16 | would | would | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 18 talked | aux |
| 17 | have | have | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 18 talked | aux |
| 18 | talked | talk | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 10 talked | advcl |
| 19 | to | to | ADP | _ | 21 person | case |
| 20 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 21 person | det |
| 21 | person | person | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 talked | obl |
| 22 | — | - | PUNCT | _ | 27 swollen | punct |
| 23 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 27 swollen | mark |
| 24 | her | her | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 25 feet | nmod:poss |
| 25 | feet | foot | NOUN | Number=Plur | 27 swollen | nsubj:pass |
| 26 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 27 swollen | aux:pass |
| 27 | swollen | swell | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 5 telling | parataxis |
| 28 | so | so | ADV | _ | 29 badly | advmod |
| 29 | badly | badly | ADV | Degree=Pos | 27 swollen | advmod |
| 30 | she | she | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 32 go | nsubj |
| 31 | could | could | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 32 go | aux |
| 32 | go | go | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 27 swollen | ccomp |
| 33 | no | no | ADV | _ | 34 farther | advmod |
| 34 | farther | far | ADV | Degree=Cmp | 32 go | advmod |
| 35 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 39 fell | punct |
| 36 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 39 fell | cc |
| 37 | then | then | ADV | PronType=Dem | 39 fell | advmod |
| 38 | she | she | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 39 fell | nsubj |
| 39 | fell | fall | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 27 swollen | conj |
| 40 | asleep | asleep | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 39 fell | xcomp |
| 41 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 telling | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | tell speech: assert | past · perfect · progressive | the woman | woman's companion | vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent companion=Recipient | ||||
| 2 | talk | past | woman | coyote | vn talk-37.5 «NP V PP.co-agent»: agent=Agent to he=Co-Agent | ||||
| 3 | talk | would · perfect | woman | now | to a person | vn talk-37.5 «NP V PP.co-agent»: agent=Agent to person=Co-Agent | |||
| 4 | swell | past · passive | woman's feet | badly property | tree rules | ||||
| 5 | go | could | woman | far property | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 6 | fall | past | woman | then | asleep property | vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Project Gutenberg book 66596 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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