Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xxii.--a Story of the Great Famine., sentence 44
When they had gone a little distance the father alligator went to the house where the hare had been, and when he looked in he found only his eldest son who had been painted, so he asked him where the other children were, and his son replied that the hare had eaten one of his brothers or sisters every night until he was the only one left.
Who acts: alligators, father alligator, iguana, other children, son · What happens: go, look, find, paint, ask, be · To what, where: little distance, eldest son, fish, hare, only one · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xxii.--a Story of the Great Famine.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (alligators, father alligator, iguana, other children), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | When | when | ADV | PronType=Int | 4 gone | advmod |
| 2 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 4 gone | nsubj |
| 3 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 4 gone | aux |
| 4 | gone | go | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | root | root |
| 5 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 7 distance | det |
| 6 | little | little | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 7 distance | amod |
| 7 | distance | distance | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 gone | obj |
| 8 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 10 alligator | det |
| 9 | father | father | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 alligator | compound |
| 10 | alligator | alligator | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 went | nsubj |
| 11 | went | go | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 7 distance | acl:relcl |
| 12 | to | to | ADP | _ | 14 house | case |
| 13 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 14 house | det |
| 14 | house | house | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 went | obl |
| 15 | where | where | ADV | PronType=Rel | 19 been | advmod |
| 16 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 17 hare | det |
| 17 | hare | hare | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 been | nsubj |
| 18 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 19 been | aux |
| 19 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 14 house | acl:relcl |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 24 looked | punct |
| 21 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 24 looked | cc |
| 22 | when | when | ADV | PronType=Int | 24 looked | advmod |
| 23 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 24 looked | nsubj |
| 24 | looked | look | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 4 gone | parataxis |
| 25 | in | in | SCONJ | _ | 27 found | mark |
| 26 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 27 found | nsubj |
| 27 | found | find | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 24 looked | advcl |
| 28 | only | only | ADV | _ | 31 son | advmod |
| 29 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 31 son | nmod:poss |
| 30 | eldest | eld | ADJ | Degree=Sup | 31 son | amod |
| 31 | son | son | NOUN | Number=Sing | 27 found | obj |
| 32 | who | who | PRON | PronType=Rel | 35 painted | nsubj |
| 33 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 35 painted | aux |
| 34 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 35 painted | aux:pass |
| 35 | painted | paint | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 31 son | acl:relcl |
| 36 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 39 asked | punct |
| 37 | so | so | ADV | _ | 39 asked | advmod |
| 38 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 39 asked | nsubj |
| 39 | asked | ask | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 24 looked | parataxis |
| 40 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 39 asked | iobj |
| 41 | where | where | ADV | PronType=Rel | 45 were | advmod |
| 42 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 44 children | det |
| 43 | other | other | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 44 children | amod |
| 44 | children | child | NOUN | Number=Plur | 45 were | nsubj |
| 45 | were | be | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 39 asked | ccomp |
| 46 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 50 replied | punct |
| 47 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 50 replied | cc |
| 48 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 49 son | nmod:poss |
| 49 | son | son | NOUN | Number=Sing | 50 replied | nsubj |
| 50 | replied | reply | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 39 asked | parataxis |
| 51 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 55 eaten | mark |
| 52 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 53 hare | det |
| 53 | hare | hare | NOUN | Number=Sing | 55 eaten | nsubj:pass |
| 54 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 55 eaten | aux |
| 55 | eaten | eat | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 50 replied | advcl |
| 56 | one | one | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 55 eaten | obj |
| 57 | of | of | ADP | _ | 59 brothers | case |
| 58 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 59 brothers | nmod:poss |
| 59 | brothers | brother | NOUN | Number=Plur | 56 one | nmod |
| 60 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 61 sisters | cc |
| 61 | sisters | sister | NOUN | Number=Plur | 59 brothers | conj |
| 62 | every | every | DET | PronType=Tot | 63 night | det |
| 63 | night | night | NOUN | Number=Sing | 55 eaten | obl:unmarked |
| 64 | until | until | SCONJ | _ | 69 one | mark |
| 65 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 69 one | nsubj |
| 66 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 69 one | cop |
| 67 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 69 one | det |
| 68 | only | only | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 69 one | amod |
| 69 | one | one | NOUN | Number=Sing | 55 eaten | parataxis |
| 70 | left | leave | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 69 one | acl |
| 71 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 gone | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | go | past · perfect | alligators = alligator | a little distance | vn meander-47.7 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location distance=Theme | ||||
| 2 | go | past | the father alligator | a little distance not said here | to the house | tree rules | |||
| 3 | look | past | iguana | vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus | |||||
| 4 | find | past | iguana | iguana's eldest son | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent son=Topic | ||||
| 5 | paint | past · perfect · passive | iguana's eldest son | vn image_impression-25.1 «NP V NP.theme»: subject=Theme | |||||
| 6 | ask speech: ask | past | iguana | fish | vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V NP whether S»: agent=Agent he=Recipient clause=Topic | ||||
| 7 | be | past | the other children | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 8 | reply speech: assert | past | iguana's son | vn respond-113 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 9 | eat | past · perfect · passive | the hare | night | one of iguana's brothers or sisters obj | tree rules | |||
| 10 | is a | past | iguana | the only one | tree rules | ||||
| 11 | leave | participle | the only one not said here | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/16/44/