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Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 1, sentence 34

Unfortunately for Oga, the chief of Inkum had heard from Abang’s parents that Oga had changed skins with their son and that he was travelling about the country collecting dashes in Abang’s name.

Who acts: Oga, Abang · What happens: hear, change, travel, collect, name · To what, where: chief, skins, dashes, name

This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 1. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Oga, Abang), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.

The tree

caseoblpunctdetapposcaseoblauxacl:relclcasenmod:posscaseoblmarknsubjauxadvclobjcasenmod:possoblccmarknsubjauxconjcasedetobladvclobjcasenmod:posscaseoblpunctrootUnfortunatelyADVforADPOgaPROPN,PUNCTtheDETchiefNOUNofADPInkumPROPNhadAUXheardVERBfromADPAbangPROPN’sPARTparentsNOUNthatSCONJOgaPROPNhadAUXchangedVERBskinsNOUNwithADPtheirPRONsonNOUNandCCONJthatSCONJhePRONwasAUXtravellingVERBaboutADPtheDETcountryNOUNcollectingVERBdashesNOUNinADPAbangPROPN’sPARTnameNOUN.PUNCT
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
#wordlemmaUPOSfeaturesheadrelation
1UnfortunatelyunfortunatelyADV_rootroot
2forforADP_3 Ogacase
3OgaOgaPROPNNumber=Sing1 Unfortunatelyobl
4,,PUNCT_6 chiefpunct
5thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art6 chiefdet
6chiefchiefNOUNNumber=Sing3 Ogaappos
7ofofADP_8 Inkumcase
8InkumInkumPROPNNumber=Sing10 heardobl
9hadhaveAUXMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin10 heardaux
10heardhearVERBTense=Past VerbForm=Part6 chiefacl:relcl
11fromfromADP_14 parentscase
12AbangAbangPROPNNumber=Sing14 parentsnmod:poss
13’s'sPART_12 Abangcase
14parentsparentNOUNNumber=Plur10 heardobl
15thatthatSCONJ_18 changedmark
16OgaOgaPROPNNumber=Sing18 changednsubj
17hadhaveAUXMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin18 changedaux
18changedchangeVERBTense=Past VerbForm=Part10 heardadvcl
19skinsskinNOUNNumber=Plur18 changedobj
20withwithADP_22 soncase
21theirtheirPRONCase=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs22 sonnmod:poss
22sonsonNOUNNumber=Sing18 changedobl
23andandCCONJ_27 travellingcc
24thatthatSCONJ_27 travellingmark
25hehePRONCase=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs27 travellingnsubj
26wasbeAUXMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin27 travellingaux
27travellingtravelVERBTense=Pres VerbForm=Part18 changedconj
28aboutaboutADP_30 countrycase
29thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art30 countrydet
30countrycountryNOUNNumber=Sing27 travellingobl
31collectingcollectVERBTense=Pres VerbForm=Part27 travellingadvcl
32dashesdashNOUNNumber=Plur31 collectingobj
33ininADP_36 namecase
34AbangAbangPROPNNumber=Sing36 namenmod:poss
35’s'sPART_34 Abangcase
36namenameNOUNNumber=Sing31 collectingobl
37..PUNCT_1 Unfortunatelypunct

Pragmatics

#verbtense, moodwhowhat, whomto whomwherewhenotherroles by
1hearpast · perfectthe chief not said hereof Inkum; from Abang's parentsvn learn-14-2-1 «NP V PP.theme PP.source»: agent=Agent of inkum=Theme from parent=Source
2changepast · perfectOgaskinswith chiefs's sonvn exchange-13.6.1 «NP V NP PP.co-agent»: agent=Agent skin=Theme with son=Co-Agent
3travelpast · progressiveOgaabout the countryvn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme about country=Trajectory
4collectgerundOga not said heredashesAbang's namevn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent dash=Theme
6nameAbangnom name «communication transitive»: poss=agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/18/34/