Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 3, sentence 25
The “pourer-out” drank the second glass, and Chief Erim drank the next, the tombo was then passed round until it was finished, but the head slave poured the last glass, which had the remains of the poison in it, on the ground in front of the ju-ju, which was in the middle of the compound; this he did when the Chief Erim’s back was turned so that he could not see.
Who acts: pourer out, Chief, tombo, head slave, ju ju, this · What happens: drink, pass round, be, pour, have, do · To what, where: second glass, next, tombo, last glass, remains, ground
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 3. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (pourer out, Chief, tombo, head slave), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 5 out | det |
| 2 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 5 out | punct |
| 3 | pourer | pourer | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 out | compound |
| 4 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 5 out | punct |
| 5 | out | out | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 drank | nsubj |
| 6 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 5 out | punct |
| 7 | drank | drink | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 8 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 10 glass | det |
| 9 | second | second | ADJ | Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord | 10 glass | amod |
| 10 | glass | glass | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 drank | obj |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 15 drank | punct |
| 12 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 15 drank | cc |
| 13 | Chief | Chief | PROPN | Number=Sing | 15 drank | nsubj |
| 14 | Erim | Erim | PROPN | Number=Sing | 13 Chief | flat |
| 15 | drank | drink | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 7 drank | parataxis |
| 16 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 17 next | det |
| 17 | next | next | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 15 drank | obj |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 23 passed | punct |
| 19 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 20 tombo | det |
| 20 | tombo | tombo | NOUN | Number=Sing | 23 passed | nsubj:pass |
| 21 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 23 passed | aux:pass |
| 22 | then | then | ADV | PronType=Dem | 23 passed | advmod |
| 23 | passed | pass | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 15 drank | conj |
| 24 | round | round | ADV | _ | 23 passed | advmod |
| 25 | until | until | SCONJ | _ | 28 finished | mark |
| 26 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 28 finished | nsubj |
| 27 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 28 finished | cop |
| 28 | finished | finished | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 23 passed | advcl |
| 29 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 34 poured | punct |
| 30 | but | but | CCONJ | _ | 34 poured | cc |
| 31 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 33 slave | det |
| 32 | head | head | NOUN | Number=Sing | 33 slave | compound |
| 33 | slave | slave | NOUN | Number=Sing | 34 poured | nsubj |
| 34 | poured | pour | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 7 drank | parataxis |
| 35 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 37 glass | det |
| 36 | last | last | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 37 glass | amod |
| 37 | glass | glass | NOUN | Number=Sing | 34 poured | obj |
| 38 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 40 had | punct |
| 39 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 40 had | nsubj |
| 40 | had | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 34 poured | conj |
| 41 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 42 remains | det |
| 42 | remains | remains | NOUN | Number=Ptan | 40 had | obj |
| 43 | of | of | ADP | _ | 45 poison | case |
| 44 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 45 poison | det |
| 45 | poison | poison | NOUN | Number=Sing | 42 remains | nmod |
| 46 | in | in | ADP | _ | 47 it | case |
| 47 | it | it | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 45 poison | nmod |
| 48 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 51 ground | punct |
| 49 | on | on | ADP | _ | 51 ground | case |
| 50 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 51 ground | det |
| 51 | ground | ground | NOUN | Number=Sing | 40 had | obl |
| 52 | in | in | ADP | _ | 53 front | case |
| 53 | front | front | NOUN | Number=Sing | 51 ground | nmod |
| 54 | of | of | ADP | _ | 58 ju | case |
| 55 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 58 ju | det |
| 56 | ju | ju | NOUN | Number=Sing | 58 ju | compound |
| 57 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 56 ju | punct |
| 58 | ju | ju | NOUN | Number=Sing | 53 front | nmod |
| 59 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 64 middle | punct |
| 60 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 64 middle | nsubj |
| 61 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 64 middle | cop |
| 62 | in | in | ADP | _ | 64 middle | case |
| 63 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 64 middle | det |
| 64 | middle | middle | NOUN | Number=Sing | 58 ju | appos |
| 65 | of | of | ADP | _ | 67 compound | case |
| 66 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 67 compound | det |
| 67 | compound | compound | NOUN | Number=Sing | 64 middle | nmod |
| 68 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 71 did | punct |
| 69 | this | this | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 71 did | nsubj |
| 70 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 71 did | nsubj |
| 71 | did | do | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 7 drank | parataxis |
| 72 | when | when | SCONJ | _ | 79 turned | mark |
| 73 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 75 Erim | det |
| 74 | Chief | Chief | PROPN | Number=Sing | 75 Erim | compound |
| 75 | Erim | Erim | PROPN | Number=Sing | 77 back | nmod:poss |
| 76 | ’s | 's | PART | _ | 75 Erim | case |
| 77 | back | back | NOUN | Number=Sing | 79 turned | nsubj:pass |
| 78 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 79 turned | aux:pass |
| 79 | turned | turn | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 71 did | advcl |
| 80 | so | so | SCONJ | ExtPos=SCONJ | 85 see | mark |
| 81 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 80 so | fixed |
| 82 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 85 see | nsubj |
| 83 | could | could | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 85 see | aux |
| 84 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 85 see | advmod |
| 85 | see | see | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 79 turned | advcl |
| 86 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 7 drank | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | drink | past | the pourer out | the second glass | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent glass=Patient | ||||
| 2 | drink | past | Chief | the next | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent next=Patient | ||||
| 3 | pass round | past · passive | the tombo | then | round property | vn escape-51.1-1-3 «NP V NP»: subject=Trajectory | |||
| 4 | is | past | tombo | finished property | tree rules | ||||
| 5 | pour | past | the head slave | the last glass | vn preparing-26.3-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent glass=Patient | ||||
| 6 | have | past | the remains of the poison in tombo | the ground in front of the ju ju | which nsubj | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent remains=Patient | |||
| 7 | is | past | the ju ju | the middle | of the compound | tree rules | |||
| 8 | do | past | this | Chief nsubj | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 9 | turn | past · passive | the Chief Erim's back | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP.theme»: subject=Theme | |||||
| 10 | not see | could | Chief | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/20/25/