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Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 3, sentence 25

The “pourer-out” drank the second glass, and Chief Erim drank the next, the tombo was then passed round until it was finished, but the head slave poured the last glass, which had the remains of the poison in it, on the ground in front of the ju-ju, which was in the middle of the compound; this he did when the Chief Erim’s back was turned so that he could not see.

Who acts: pourer out, Chief, tombo, head slave, ju ju, this · What happens: drink, pass round, be, pour, have, do · To what, where: second glass, next, tombo, last glass, remains, ground

This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 3. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (pourer out, Chief, tombo, head slave), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.

The tree

detpunctcompoundpunctnsubjpunctdetamodobjpunctccnsubjflatparataxisdetobjpunctdetnsubj:passaux:passadvmodconjadvmodmarknsubjcopadvclpunctccdetcompoundnsubjparataxisdetamodobjpunctnsubjconjdetobjcasedetnmodcasenmodpunctcasedetoblcasenmodcasedetcompoundpunctnmodpunctnsubjcopcasedetapposcasedetnmodpunctnsubjnsubjparataxismarkdetcompoundnmod:posscasensubj:passaux:passadvclmarkfixednsubjauxadvmodadvclpunctrootTheDET“PUNCTpourerNOUN-PUNCToutNOUN”PUNCTdrankVERBtheDETsecondADJglassNOUN,PUNCTandCCONJChiefPROPNErimPROPNdrankVERBtheDETnextADJ,PUNCTtheDETtomboNOUNwasAUXthenADVpassedVERBroundADVuntilSCONJitPRONwasAUXfinishedADJ,PUNCTbutCCONJtheDETheadNOUNslaveNOUNpouredVERBtheDETlastADJglassNOUN,PUNCTwhichPRONhadVERBtheDETremainsNOUNofADPtheDETpoisonNOUNinADPitPRON,PUNCTonADPtheDETgroundNOUNinADPfrontNOUNofADPtheDETjuNOUN-PUNCTjuNOUN,PUNCTwhichPRONwasAUXinADPtheDETmiddleNOUNofADPtheDETcompoundNOUN;PUNCTthisPRONhePRONdidVERBwhenSCONJtheDETChiefPROPNErimPROPN’sPARTbackNOUNwasAUXturnedVERBsoSCONJthatSCONJhePRONcouldAUXnotPARTseeVERB.PUNCT
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
#wordlemmaUPOSfeaturesheadrelation
1ThetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art5 outdet
2“"PUNCT_5 outpunct
3pourerpourerNOUNNumber=Sing5 outcompound
4--PUNCT_5 outpunct
5outoutNOUNNumber=Sing7 dranknsubj
6”"PUNCT_5 outpunct
7drankdrinkVERBMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Finrootroot
8thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art10 glassdet
9secondsecondADJDegree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord10 glassamod
10glassglassNOUNNumber=Sing7 drankobj
11,,PUNCT_15 drankpunct
12andandCCONJ_15 drankcc
13ChiefChiefPROPNNumber=Sing15 dranknsubj
14ErimErimPROPNNumber=Sing13 Chiefflat
15drankdrinkVERBMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin7 drankparataxis
16thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art17 nextdet
17nextnextADJDegree=Pos15 drankobj
18,,PUNCT_23 passedpunct
19thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art20 tombodet
20tombotomboNOUNNumber=Sing23 passednsubj:pass
21wasbeAUXMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin23 passedaux:pass
22thenthenADVPronType=Dem23 passedadvmod
23passedpassVERBTense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass15 drankconj
24roundroundADV_23 passedadvmod
25untiluntilSCONJ_28 finishedmark
26ititPRONCase=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs28 finishednsubj
27wasbeAUXMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin28 finishedcop
28finishedfinishedADJDegree=Pos23 passedadvcl
29,,PUNCT_34 pouredpunct
30butbutCCONJ_34 pouredcc
31thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art33 slavedet
32headheadNOUNNumber=Sing33 slavecompound
33slaveslaveNOUNNumber=Sing34 pourednsubj
34pouredpourVERBMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin7 drankparataxis
35thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art37 glassdet
36lastlastADJDegree=Pos37 glassamod
37glassglassNOUNNumber=Sing34 pouredobj
38,,PUNCT_40 hadpunct
39whichwhichPRONPronType=Rel40 hadnsubj
40hadhaveVERBMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin34 pouredconj
41thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art42 remainsdet
42remainsremainsNOUNNumber=Ptan40 hadobj
43ofofADP_45 poisoncase
44thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art45 poisondet
45poisonpoisonNOUNNumber=Sing42 remainsnmod
46ininADP_47 itcase
47ititPRONCase=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs45 poisonnmod
48,,PUNCT_51 groundpunct
49ononADP_51 groundcase
50thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art51 grounddet
51groundgroundNOUNNumber=Sing40 hadobl
52ininADP_53 frontcase
53frontfrontNOUNNumber=Sing51 groundnmod
54ofofADP_58 jucase
55thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art58 judet
56jujuNOUNNumber=Sing58 jucompound
57--PUNCT_56 jupunct
58jujuNOUNNumber=Sing53 frontnmod
59,,PUNCT_64 middlepunct
60whichwhichPRONPronType=Rel64 middlensubj
61wasbeAUXMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin64 middlecop
62ininADP_64 middlecase
63thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art64 middledet
64middlemiddleNOUNNumber=Sing58 juappos
65ofofADP_67 compoundcase
66thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art67 compounddet
67compoundcompoundNOUNNumber=Sing64 middlenmod
68;;PUNCT_71 didpunct
69thisthisPRONNumber=Sing PronType=Dem71 didnsubj
70hehePRONCase=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs71 didnsubj
71diddoVERBMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin7 drankparataxis
72whenwhenSCONJ_79 turnedmark
73thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art75 Erimdet
74ChiefChiefPROPNNumber=Sing75 Erimcompound
75ErimErimPROPNNumber=Sing77 backnmod:poss
76’s'sPART_75 Erimcase
77backbackNOUNNumber=Sing79 turnednsubj:pass
78wasbeAUXMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin79 turnedaux:pass
79turnedturnVERBTense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass71 didadvcl
80sosoSCONJExtPos=SCONJ85 seemark
81thatthatSCONJ_80 sofixed
82hehePRONCase=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs85 seensubj
83couldcouldAUXVerbForm=Fin85 seeaux
84notnotPARTPolarity=Neg85 seeadvmod
85seeseeVERBVerbForm=Inf79 turnedadvcl
86..PUNCT_7 drankpunct

Pragmatics

#verbtense, moodwhowhat, whomto whomwherewhenotherroles by
1drinkpastthe pourer outthe second glassvn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent glass=Patient
2drinkpastChiefthe nextvn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent next=Patient
3pass roundpast · passivethe tombothenround propertyvn escape-51.1-1-3 «NP V NP»: subject=Trajectory
4ispasttombofinished propertytree rules
5pourpastthe head slavethe last glassvn preparing-26.3-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent glass=Patient
6havepastthe remains of the poison in tombothe ground in front of the ju juwhich nsubjvn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent remains=Patient
7ispastthe ju juthe middleof the compoundtree rules
8dopastthisChief nsubjvn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
9turnpast · passivethe Chief Erim's backvn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP.theme»: subject=Theme
10not seecouldChiefvn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/20/25/