Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xxx.--the Game of Hide-and-seek As Played By the Hawk and the Bush Cow., sentence 26
As the bush cow went through the town he saw several different birds, and asked each of them as he passed whether they had seen the hawk about anywhere, but although they could all see the hawk perched on the bush cow’s horns, no one answered him.
Who acts: bush cow, antelope, hawks, one · What happens: go, see, ask, pass, perch, answer · To what, where: town, several different birds, each, hawk, horns, antelope · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xxx.--the Game of Hide-and-seek As Played By the Hawk and the Bush Cow.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (bush cow, antelope, hawks, one), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | As | as | SCONJ | _ | 5 went | mark |
| 2 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 4 cow | det |
| 3 | bush | bush | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 cow | compound |
| 4 | cow | cow | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 went | nsubj |
| 5 | went | go | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 10 saw | advcl |
| 6 | through | through | ADP | _ | 8 town | case |
| 7 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 8 town | det |
| 8 | town | town | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 went | obl |
| 9 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 10 saw | nsubj |
| 10 | saw | see | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 11 | several | several | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 13 birds | amod |
| 12 | different | different | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 13 birds | amod |
| 13 | birds | bird | NOUN | Number=Plur | 10 saw | obj |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 16 asked | punct |
| 15 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 16 asked | cc |
| 16 | asked | ask | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 10 saw | conj |
| 17 | each | each | DET | PronType=Tot | 16 asked | obj |
| 18 | of | of | ADP | _ | 19 them | case |
| 19 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 17 each | nmod |
| 20 | as | as | SCONJ | _ | 22 passed | mark |
| 21 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 22 passed | nsubj |
| 22 | passed | pass | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 16 asked | ccomp |
| 23 | whether | whether | SCONJ | _ | 26 seen | mark |
| 24 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 26 seen | nsubj |
| 25 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 26 seen | aux |
| 26 | seen | see | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 22 passed | ccomp |
| 27 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 28 hawk | det |
| 28 | hawk | hawk | NOUN | Number=Sing | 26 seen | obj |
| 29 | about | about | ADP | _ | 30 anywhere | case |
| 30 | anywhere | anywhere | ADV | PronType=Ind | 26 seen | obl |
| 31 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 50 answered | punct |
| 32 | but | but | CCONJ | _ | 50 answered | cc |
| 33 | although | although | SCONJ | _ | 37 see | mark |
| 34 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 37 see | nsubj |
| 35 | could | could | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 37 see | aux |
| 36 | all | all | ADV | _ | 37 see | advmod |
| 37 | see | see | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 50 answered | advcl |
| 38 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 39 hawk | det |
| 39 | hawk | hawk | NOUN | Number=Sing | 37 see | obj |
| 40 | perched | perch | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 39 hawk | acl |
| 41 | on | on | ADP | _ | 46 horns | case |
| 42 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 44 cow | det |
| 43 | bush | bush | NOUN | Number=Sing | 44 cow | compound |
| 44 | cow | cow | NOUN | Number=Sing | 46 horns | nmod:poss |
| 45 | ’s | 's | PART | _ | 44 cow | case |
| 46 | horns | horn | NOUN | Number=Plur | 40 perched | obl |
| 47 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 50 answered | punct |
| 48 | no | no | DET | PronType=Neg | 49 one | det |
| 49 | one | one | NOUN | Number=Sing | 50 answered | nsubj |
| 50 | answered | answer | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 10 saw | parataxis |
| 51 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 50 answered | obj |
| 52 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 10 saw | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | go | past | the bush cow | the town | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme through town=Initial_Location | ||||
| 2 | see | past | antelope | several different birds | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer bird=Stimulus | ||||
| 3 | ask speech: ask | past | antelope not said here | each of hawks | vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V NP whether S»: agent=Agent each=Recipient clause=Topic | ||||
| 4 | pass | past | antelope | tree rules | |||||
| 5 | see | past · perfect | hawks = hawk | the hawk | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer hawk=Stimulus | ||||
| 6 | see | could | hawks = hawk | the hawk | all property | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer hawk=Stimulus | |||
| 7 | perch | participle | the hawk not said here | the bush cow's horns | vn assuming_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on horn=Location | ||||
| 8 | answer speech: assert | past | no one | antelope | vn reciprocate-112-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent he=Eventuality |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/23/26/