Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Iv.--how Elili of Inkum Died, and Was Brought Back to Life Again., sentence 42
When night time came, Edim, who had not been very securely fastened, called to the other four boys, and, managing to get his teeth to the tie-tie which bound the boy nearest to him, he bit it through, and the boy who was then released undid Edim’s thongs, and together they freed the other three boys.
Who acts: night time, tie tie, Edim, boys · What happens: come, not fasten, call, manage, get, bind · To what, where: Edim, teeth, boy, grave, other three boys · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Iv.--how Elili of Inkum Died, and Was Brought Back to Life Again.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (night time, tie tie, Edim, boys), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | When | when | SCONJ | _ | 4 came | mark |
| 2 | night | night | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 time | compound |
| 3 | time | time | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 came | nsubj |
| 4 | came | come | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 44 bit | advcl |
| 5 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 6 Edim | punct |
| 6 | Edim | Edim | PROPN | Number=Sing | 4 came | obl |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 14 fastened | punct |
| 8 | who | who | PRON | PronType=Rel | 14 fastened | nsubj |
| 9 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 14 fastened | aux |
| 10 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 14 fastened | advmod |
| 11 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 14 fastened | aux:pass |
| 12 | very | very | ADV | _ | 13 securely | advmod |
| 13 | securely | securely | ADV | _ | 14 fastened | advmod |
| 14 | fastened | fasten | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 6 Edim | parataxis |
| 15 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 16 called | punct |
| 16 | called | call | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 14 fastened | conj |
| 17 | to | to | ADP | _ | 21 boys | case |
| 18 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 21 boys | det |
| 19 | other | other | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 21 boys | amod |
| 20 | four | four | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 21 boys | nummod |
| 21 | boys | boy | NOUN | Number=Plur | 16 called | obl:agent |
| 22 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 25 managing | punct |
| 23 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 25 managing | cc |
| 24 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 25 managing | punct |
| 25 | managing | manage | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 4 came | advcl |
| 26 | to | to | PART | _ | 27 get | mark |
| 27 | get | get | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 25 managing | xcomp |
| 28 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 29 teeth | nmod:poss |
| 29 | teeth | tooth | NOUN | Number=Plur | 27 get | obj |
| 30 | to | to | ADP | _ | 34 tie | case |
| 31 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 34 tie | det |
| 32 | tie | tie | NOUN | Number=Sing | 34 tie | compound |
| 33 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 32 tie | punct |
| 34 | tie | tie | NOUN | Number=Sing | 27 get | obl |
| 35 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 36 bound | nsubj |
| 36 | bound | bind | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 34 tie | acl:relcl |
| 37 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 38 boy | det |
| 38 | boy | boy | NOUN | Number=Sing | 36 bound | obj |
| 39 | nearest | near | ADJ | Degree=Sup | 38 boy | amod |
| 40 | to | to | ADP | _ | 41 him | case |
| 41 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 39 nearest | obl |
| 42 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 4 came | punct |
| 43 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 44 bit | nsubj |
| 44 | bit | bite | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 45 | it | it | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 44 bit | obj |
| 46 | through | through | ADV | _ | 44 bit | advmod |
| 47 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 50 boy | punct |
| 48 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 50 boy | cc |
| 49 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 50 boy | det |
| 50 | boy | boy | NOUN | Number=Sing | 44 bit | advcl |
| 51 | who | who | PRON | PronType=Rel | 54 released | nsubj:pass |
| 52 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 54 released | aux:pass |
| 53 | then | then | ADV | PronType=Dem | 54 released | advmod |
| 54 | released | release | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 50 boy | acl:relcl |
| 55 | undid | undid | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 56 Edim | amod |
| 56 | Edim | Edim | PROPN | Number=Sing | 58 thongs | nmod:poss |
| 57 | ’s | 's | PART | _ | 56 Edim | case |
| 58 | thongs | thong | NOUN | Number=Plur | 54 released | obj |
| 59 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 63 freed | punct |
| 60 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 63 freed | cc |
| 61 | together | together | ADV | _ | 63 freed | advmod |
| 62 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 63 freed | nsubj |
| 63 | freed | free | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 44 bit | conj |
| 64 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 67 boys | det |
| 65 | other | other | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 67 boys | amod |
| 66 | three | three | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 67 boys | nummod |
| 67 | boys | boy | NOUN | Number=Plur | 63 freed | obj |
| 68 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 44 bit | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | come | past | night time | Edim | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 2 | not fasten | past · perfect · passive | Edim | securely property | vn shake-22.3-2-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient | ||||
| 3 | call | participle | the other four boys obl:agent | vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 4 | manage | gerund | night time not said here | vn succeed-74-1-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality | |||||
| 5 | get | to-infinitive | night time not said here | Edim's teeth | to the tie tie | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer tooth=Stimulus | |||
| 6 | bind | past | the tie tie | the boy | vn shake-22.3-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent boy=Patient | ||||
| 7 | bite | past | Edim | grave | the boy advcl; through property | vn swat-18.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Patient | |||
| 8 | release | past · passive | the boy | then | undid Edim's thongs obj | tree rules | |||
| 9 | free | past | boys = boy | the other three boys | together property | vn free-10.6.3-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Causer boy=Source |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/5/42/