Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Iv.--how Elili of Inkum Died, and Was Brought Back to Life Again., sentence 69
When they were young, a ju-ju was made for them, and certain leaves were mashed up and rubbed on their noses, which gave them very strong smelling powers, and they could follow wounded animals in the bush, which was most useful to Chief Leku.
Who acts: animals, bush · What happens: be, make, mash up, rub, give, follow · To what, where: ju, certain leaves, noses, strong smelling powers, animals, wounded animals
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Iv.--how Elili of Inkum Died, and Was Brought Back to Life Again.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (animals, bush), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | When | when | ADV | PronType=Int | 4 young | advmod |
| 2 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 4 young | nsubj |
| 3 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 4 young | cop |
| 4 | young | young | ADJ | Degree=Pos | root | root |
| 5 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 11 made | punct |
| 6 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 7 ju | det |
| 7 | ju | ju | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 made | nsubj:pass |
| 8 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 9 ju | punct |
| 9 | ju | ju | PROPN | Number=Sing | 7 ju | appos |
| 10 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 11 made | aux:pass |
| 11 | made | make | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 4 young | parataxis |
| 12 | for | for | ADP | _ | 13 them | case |
| 13 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 11 made | obl |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 19 mashed | punct |
| 15 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 19 mashed | cc |
| 16 | certain | certain | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 17 leaves | amod |
| 17 | leaves | leaf | NOUN | Number=Plur | 19 mashed | nsubj:pass |
| 18 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 19 mashed | aux:pass |
| 19 | mashed | mash | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 11 made | conj |
| 20 | up | up | ADP | _ | 19 mashed | compound:prt |
| 21 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 22 rubbed | cc |
| 22 | rubbed | rub | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 19 mashed | conj |
| 23 | on | on | ADP | _ | 25 noses | case |
| 24 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 25 noses | nmod:poss |
| 25 | noses | nose | NOUN | Number=Plur | 22 rubbed | obl |
| 26 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 28 gave | punct |
| 27 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 28 gave | nsubj |
| 28 | gave | give | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 19 mashed | conj |
| 29 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 28 gave | iobj |
| 30 | very | very | ADV | _ | 31 strong | advmod |
| 31 | strong | strong | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 33 powers | amod |
| 32 | smelling | smelling | NOUN | Number=Sing | 33 powers | compound |
| 33 | powers | power | NOUN | Number=Plur | 28 gave | obj |
| 34 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 38 follow | punct |
| 35 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 38 follow | cc |
| 36 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 38 follow | nsubj |
| 37 | could | could | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 38 follow | aux |
| 38 | follow | follow | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 28 gave | advcl |
| 39 | wounded | wounded | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 40 animals | amod |
| 40 | animals | animal | NOUN | Number=Plur | 38 follow | obj |
| 41 | in | in | ADP | _ | 43 bush | case |
| 42 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 43 bush | det |
| 43 | bush | bush | NOUN | Number=Sing | 38 follow | obl |
| 44 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 48 useful | punct |
| 45 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 48 useful | nsubj |
| 46 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 48 useful | cop |
| 47 | most | most | ADV | Degree=Sup | 48 useful | advmod |
| 48 | useful | useful | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 43 bush | conj |
| 49 | to | to | ADP | _ | 50 Chief | case |
| 50 | Chief | Chief | PROPN | Number=Sing | 48 useful | obl |
| 51 | Leku | Leku | PROPN | Number=Sing | 50 Chief | flat |
| 52 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 young | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is | past | animals = animal | young property | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | make | past · passive | a ju | for animals = animal | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP P.asset»: subject=Product for they=Asset | ||||
| 3 | mash up | past · passive | certain leaves | vn carve-21.2-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient | |||||
| 4 | rub | participle | animals's noses | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V PP.destination»: agent=Theme on nose=Destination | |||||
| 5 | give | past | strong smelling powers | animals = animal | which nsubj | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent they=Recipient power=Theme | |||
| 6 | follow | could | animals = animal | wounded animals | the bush | vn chase-51.6 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent animal=Theme in bush=Trajectory | |||
| 7 | is | past | the bush | Chief | useful property | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/5/69/