Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Ix.--the Story of the War Between Inkum and Enfitop., sentence 140
So he stood up and said that Ogor, the son of Omegha, had been thrown into the river by his companions, they having first tied him up and fastened a heavy stone to him to make him sink.
Who acts: porcupine, companions, people · What happens: stand up, say, throw, have, tie up, fasten · To what, where: Ogor, river, porcupine, heavy stone · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Ix.--the Story of the War Between Inkum and Enfitop.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (porcupine, companions, people), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | So | so | ADV | _ | 3 stood | advmod |
| 2 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 3 stood | nsubj |
| 3 | stood | stand | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | up | up | ADP | _ | 3 stood | compound:prt |
| 5 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 6 said | cc |
| 6 | said | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 stood | conj |
| 7 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 17 thrown | mark |
| 8 | Ogor | Ogor | PROPN | Number=Sing | 17 thrown | nsubj:pass |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 11 son | punct |
| 10 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 11 son | det |
| 11 | son | son | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 Ogor | appos |
| 12 | of | of | ADP | _ | 13 Omegha | case |
| 13 | Omegha | Omegha | PROPN | Number=Sing | 11 son | nmod |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 8 Ogor | punct |
| 15 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 17 thrown | aux |
| 16 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 17 thrown | aux:pass |
| 17 | thrown | throw | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 6 said | ccomp |
| 18 | into | into | ADP | _ | 20 river | case |
| 19 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 20 river | det |
| 20 | river | river | NOUN | Number=Sing | 17 thrown | obl |
| 21 | by | by | ADP | _ | 23 companions | case |
| 22 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 23 companions | nmod:poss |
| 23 | companions | companion | NOUN | Number=Plur | 17 thrown | obl |
| 24 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 26 having | punct |
| 25 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 26 having | nsubj |
| 26 | having | have | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 3 stood | advcl |
| 27 | first | first | ADV | NumForm=Word NumType=Ord | 28 tied | advmod |
| 28 | tied | tie | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 26 having | advcl |
| 29 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 28 tied | obj |
| 30 | up | up | ADP | _ | 28 tied | compound:prt |
| 31 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 32 fastened | cc |
| 32 | fastened | fasten | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 stood | conj |
| 33 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 35 stone | det |
| 34 | heavy | heavy | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 35 stone | amod |
| 35 | stone | stone | NOUN | Number=Sing | 32 fastened | obj |
| 36 | to | to | ADP | _ | 37 him | case |
| 37 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 32 fastened | obl |
| 38 | to | to | PART | _ | 39 make | mark |
| 39 | make | make | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 32 fastened | advcl |
| 40 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 39 make | obj |
| 41 | sink | sink | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 39 make | xcomp |
| 42 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 stood | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | stand up | past | porcupine | vn assuming_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 2 | say speech: assert | past | porcupine not said here | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 3 | throw | past · perfect · passive | porcupine's companions | Ogor | into the river result | vn throw-17.1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.result»: agent=Causer subject=Theme into river=Result | |||
| 4 | have | gerund | people | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 5 | tie up | past | people not said here | porcupine | first property | vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent he=Patient | |||
| 6 | fasten | past | porcupine not said here | a heavy stone | porcupine | vn shake-22.3-2-1 «NP V NP PP»: agent=Agent stone=Patient to he=Co-Patient | |||
| 7 | make | to-infinitive | porcupine not said here | porcupine | tree rules | ||||
| 8 | sink | infinitive | porcupine not said here | vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/7/140/