Kaffir folk-lore, Opening, sentence 13
These stories display their imaginative faculties; they are guides to the nature of the religious belief, of the form of government, of the marriage customs, in short, of much that relates to both the inner and the outer life of those by whom they are told.
Who acts: stories, that · What happens: display, be, relate, tell, form · To what, where: imaginative faculties, guides, stories, government · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Opening. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (stories, that), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | These | this | DET | Number=Plur PronType=Dem | 2 stories | det |
| 2 | stories | story | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 display | nsubj |
| 3 | display | display | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 6 faculties | nmod:poss |
| 5 | imaginative | imaginative | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 6 faculties | amod |
| 6 | faculties | faculty | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 display | obj |
| 7 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 10 guides | punct |
| 8 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 10 guides | nsubj |
| 9 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 10 guides | cop |
| 10 | guides | guide | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 display | obl |
| 11 | to | to | ADP | _ | 13 nature | case |
| 12 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 13 nature | det |
| 13 | nature | nature | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 guides | nmod |
| 14 | of | of | ADP | _ | 17 belief | case |
| 15 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 17 belief | det |
| 16 | religious | religious | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 17 belief | amod |
| 17 | belief | belief | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 nature | nmod |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 21 form | punct |
| 19 | of | of | ADP | _ | 21 form | case |
| 20 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 21 form | det |
| 21 | form | form | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 guides | appos |
| 22 | of | of | ADP | _ | 23 government | case |
| 23 | government | government | NOUN | Number=Sing | 21 form | nmod |
| 24 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 28 customs | punct |
| 25 | of | of | ADP | _ | 28 customs | case |
| 26 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 28 customs | det |
| 27 | marriage | marriage | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 customs | compound |
| 28 | customs | custom | NOUN | Number=Plur | 10 guides | conj |
| 29 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 31 short | punct |
| 30 | in | in | ADP | _ | 31 short | case |
| 31 | short | short | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 3 display | conj |
| 32 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 36 relates | punct |
| 33 | of | of | ADP | _ | 34 much | case |
| 34 | much | much | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 36 relates | obl |
| 35 | that | that | PRON | PronType=Rel | 36 relates | nsubj |
| 36 | relates | relate | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 display | conj |
| 37 | to | to | ADP | _ | 40 inner | case |
| 38 | both | both | CCONJ | _ | 40 inner | cc:preconj |
| 39 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 40 inner | det |
| 40 | inner | inner | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 36 relates | obl |
| 41 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 44 life | cc |
| 42 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 44 life | det |
| 43 | outer | outer | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 44 life | amod |
| 44 | life | life | NOUN | Number=Sing | 40 inner | conj |
| 45 | of | of | ADP | _ | 46 those | case |
| 46 | those | that | PRON | Number=Plur PronType=Dem | 44 life | nmod |
| 47 | by | by | ADP | _ | 48 whom | case |
| 48 | whom | whom | PRON | PronType=Rel | 46 those | nmod |
| 49 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 51 told | nsubj:pass |
| 50 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 51 told | aux:pass |
| 51 | told | tell | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 48 whom | acl:relcl |
| 52 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 display | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | display | present | this stories | stories's imaginative faculties | vn reflexive_appearance-48.1.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent faculty=Theme | ||||
| 2 | is a | present | stories = story | guides and the marriage customs | to the nature of the religious belief; the form of government appos; the marriage customs conj | tree rules | |||
| 3 | relate | present | that | of much; to the inner and the outer life of those by the outer life of those | vn relate-86.2-2 «NP V PP.co-theme»: agent=Theme to inner=Co-Theme | ||||
| 4 | tell speech: assert | present · passive | stories = story | vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient | |||||
| 5 | form | government | nom form «communication transitive»: of=patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/1/13/