Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Hlakanyana., sentence 101
After that he cut his arms, and legs, and breast, with a sharp stone, and stood on a hill, and cried out with a loud voice: “The enemy has taken our cattle; the cattle are being driven away.
Who acts: Hlakanyana, enemy · What happens: cut, stand, cry out, take, drive away · To what, where: arms, hill, cattle · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Hlakanyana.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Hlakanyana, enemy), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | After | after | ADP | _ | 2 that | case |
| 2 | that | that | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 4 cut | obl |
| 3 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 4 cut | nsubj |
| 4 | cut | cut | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 5 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 6 arms | nmod:poss |
| 6 | arms | arm | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 cut | obj |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 9 legs | punct |
| 8 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 9 legs | cc |
| 9 | legs | leg | NOUN | Number=Plur | 6 arms | conj |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 12 breast | punct |
| 11 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 12 breast | cc |
| 12 | breast | breast | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 cut | obl |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 17 stone | punct |
| 14 | with | with | ADP | _ | 17 stone | case |
| 15 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 17 stone | det |
| 16 | sharp | sharp | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 17 stone | amod |
| 17 | stone | stone | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 cut | obl |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 20 stood | punct |
| 19 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 20 stood | cc |
| 20 | stood | stand | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 4 cut | conj |
| 21 | on | on | ADP | _ | 23 hill | case |
| 22 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 23 hill | det |
| 23 | hill | hill | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 stood | obl |
| 24 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 26 cried | punct |
| 25 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 26 cried | cc |
| 26 | cried | cry | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 4 cut | parataxis |
| 27 | out | out | ADP | _ | 26 cried | compound:prt |
| 28 | with | with | ADP | _ | 31 voice | case |
| 29 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 31 voice | det |
| 30 | loud | loud | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 31 voice | amod |
| 31 | voice | voice | NOUN | Number=Sing | 26 cried | obl |
| 32 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 37 taken | punct |
| 33 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 37 taken | punct |
| 34 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 35 enemy | det |
| 35 | enemy | enemy | NOUN | Number=Sing | 37 taken | nsubj |
| 36 | has | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 37 taken | aux |
| 37 | taken | take | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 26 cried | conj |
| 38 | our | our | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 39 cattle | nmod:poss |
| 39 | cattle | cattle | NOUN | Number=Plur | 37 taken | obj |
| 40 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 45 driven | punct |
| 41 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 42 cattle | det |
| 42 | cattle | cattle | NOUN | Number=Plur | 45 driven | nsubj:pass |
| 43 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 45 driven | aux:pass |
| 44 | being | be | AUX | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 45 driven | aux:pass |
| 45 | driven | drive | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 4 cut | conj |
| 46 | away | away | ADV | _ | 45 driven | advmod |
| 47 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 cut | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | cut | past | Hlakanyana | Hlakanyana's arms and legs | after that | with a sharp stone; breast obl | vn cut-21.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent arm=Patient with stone=Instrument | ||
| 2 | stand | past | Hlakanyana not said here | a hill | vn assuming_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on hill=Location | ||||
| 3 | cry out speech: express | past | with a loud voice | vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP.location V PP.theme»: agent=Location with voice=Theme | |||||
| 4 | take in a quote | present · perfect | the enemy | our cattle | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP ADVP»: agent=Instrument cattle=Destination | ||||
| 5 | drive away in a quote | present · passive | the cattle | away property | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/10/101/