Kaffir folk-lore, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., sentence 118
A species of millet, called by the colonists Kaffir corn, was the grain exclusively cultivated by them prior to the advent of Europeans.
Who acts: species · What happens: call, be, cultivate · To what, where: species, grain · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (species), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 2 species | det |
| 2 | species | species | NOUN | Number=Plur | 15 grain | nsubj |
| 3 | of | of | ADP | _ | 4 millet | case |
| 4 | millet | millet | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 species | nmod |
| 5 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 6 called | punct |
| 6 | called | call | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 2 species | acl |
| 7 | by | by | ADP | _ | 9 colonists | case |
| 8 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 9 colonists | det |
| 9 | colonists | colonist | NOUN | Number=Plur | 6 called | obl |
| 10 | Kaffir | Kaffir | PROPN | Number=Sing | 11 corn | compound |
| 11 | corn | corn | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 colonists | conj |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 2 species | punct |
| 13 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 15 grain | cop |
| 14 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 15 grain | det |
| 15 | grain | grain | NOUN | Number=Sing | root | root |
| 16 | exclusively | exclusively | ADV | _ | 17 cultivated | advmod |
| 17 | cultivated | cultivate | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 15 grain | acl |
| 18 | by | by | ADP | _ | 19 them | case |
| 19 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 17 cultivated | obl |
| 20 | prior | prior | ADJ | Degree=Pos ExtPos=ADP | 23 advent | case |
| 21 | to | to | ADP | _ | 20 prior | fixed |
| 22 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 23 advent | det |
| 23 | advent | advent | NOUN | Number=Sing | 17 cultivated | obl |
| 24 | of | of | ADP | _ | 25 Europeans | case |
| 25 | Europeans | European | PROPN | Number=Plur | 23 advent | nmod |
| 26 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 15 grain | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | call | participle | a species of millet not said here | by the colonists and Kaffir corn | vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 2 | is a | past | a species of millet | the grain | tree rules | ||||
| 3 | cultivate | participle | the grain not said here | by species; prior the advent of Europeans; exclusively property | vn preparing-26.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/2/118/