Kaffir folk-lore, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., sentence 119
Of this they raise large quantities, which they use either boiled, or bruised into a paste from which bread is made.
Who acts: species · What happens: raise, use, boil, bruise, make · To what, where: large quantities, paste, bread
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (species), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Of | of | ADP | _ | 2 this | case |
| 2 | this | this | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 4 raise | obl |
| 3 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 4 raise | nsubj |
| 4 | raise | raise | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 5 | large | large | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 6 quantities | amod |
| 6 | quantities | quantity | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 raise | obj |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 10 use | punct |
| 8 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 10 use | obj |
| 9 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 10 use | nsubj |
| 10 | use | use | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 6 quantities | acl:relcl |
| 11 | either | either | ADV | PronType=Ind | 12 boiled | advmod |
| 12 | boiled | boil | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 10 use | advcl |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 15 bruised | punct |
| 14 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 15 bruised | cc |
| 15 | bruised | bruise | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 4 raise | conj |
| 16 | into | into | ADP | _ | 18 paste | case |
| 17 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 18 paste | det |
| 18 | paste | paste | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 bruised | obl |
| 19 | from | from | ADP | _ | 20 which | case |
| 20 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 23 made | obl |
| 21 | bread | bread | NOUN | Number=Sing | 23 made | nsubj:pass |
| 22 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 23 made | aux:pass |
| 23 | made | make | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 18 paste | acl:relcl |
| 24 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 raise | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | raise | present | species | large quantities | of this | vn put_direction-9.4 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent quantity=Theme of this=Destination | |||
| 2 | use | present | species | large quantities | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent which=Patient | ||||
| 3 | boil | participle | species not said here | either property | vn cooking-45.3 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient | ||||
| 4 | bruise | participle | species not said here | a paste | vn carve-21.2-1 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient | ||||
| 5 | make | present · passive | bread | a paste | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V PP»: subject=Product from which=Material |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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