Kaffir folk-lore, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., sentence 120
They were acquainted with the art of fermenting it and making a kind of beer, which they were fond of drinking, and which soon caused intoxication.
Who acts: art, beer · What happens: acquaint, ferment, make, be, cause · To what, where: species, art, kind, intoxication
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (art, beer), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | They | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 3 acquainted | nsubj |
| 2 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 acquainted | aux:pass |
| 3 | acquainted | acquaint | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 4 | with | with | ADP | _ | 6 art | case |
| 5 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 6 art | det |
| 6 | art | art | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 acquainted | obl |
| 7 | of | of | ADP | _ | 8 fermenting | case |
| 8 | fermenting | ferment | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 6 art | acl |
| 9 | it | it | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 8 fermenting | obj |
| 10 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 11 making | cc |
| 11 | making | make | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 8 fermenting | conj |
| 12 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 13 kind | det |
| 13 | kind | kind | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 making | obj |
| 14 | of | of | ADP | _ | 15 beer | case |
| 15 | beer | beer | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 kind | nmod |
| 16 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 20 fond | punct |
| 17 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 20 fond | nsubj |
| 18 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 20 fond | nsubj |
| 19 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 20 fond | cop |
| 20 | fond | fond | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 15 beer | acl:relcl |
| 21 | of | of | ADP | _ | 22 drinking | case |
| 22 | drinking | drinking | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 fond | obl |
| 23 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 27 caused | punct |
| 24 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 27 caused | cc |
| 25 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 27 caused | nsubj |
| 26 | soon | soon | ADV | Degree=Pos | 27 caused | advmod |
| 27 | caused | cause | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 acquainted | parataxis |
| 28 | intoxication | intoxication | NOUN | Number=Sing | 27 caused | obj |
| 29 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 acquainted | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | acquaint speech: other | past · passive | species | with the art | vn tell-37.2 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient | ||||
| 2 | ferment | gerund | the art not said here | art | tree rules | ||||
| 3 | make | gerund | the art not said here | a kind of beer | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset kind=Product | ||||
| 4 | is | past | beer | of drinking; species nsubj; fond property | tree rules | ||||
| 5 | cause | past | intoxication | which nsubj; soon property | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition intoxication=Patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/2/120/