Kaffir folk-lore, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., sentence 127
Boys in early youth are permitted to eat any kind of meat, even that of wild cats and other carnivora, but when they reach the age of maturity the flesh of all unclean animals is rejected by them.
Who acts: Boys · What happens: permit, eat, reach, reject · To what, where: Boys, kind, age, flesh
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Boys), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Boys | boy | NOUN | Number=Plur | 6 permitted | nsubj:pass |
| 2 | in | in | ADP | _ | 4 youth | case |
| 3 | early | early | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 4 youth | amod |
| 4 | youth | youth | NOUN | Number=Sing | 1 Boys | nmod |
| 5 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 6 permitted | aux:pass |
| 6 | permitted | permit | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 7 | to | to | PART | _ | 8 eat | mark |
| 8 | eat | eat | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 6 permitted | xcomp |
| 9 | any | any | DET | PronType=Ind | 10 kind | det |
| 10 | kind | kind | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 eat | obj |
| 11 | of | of | ADP | _ | 12 meat | case |
| 12 | meat | meat | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 kind | nmod |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 15 that | punct |
| 14 | even | even | ADV | _ | 15 that | advmod |
| 15 | that | that | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 8 eat | obl |
| 16 | of | of | ADP | _ | 18 cats | case |
| 17 | wild | wild | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 18 cats | amod |
| 18 | cats | cat | NOUN | Number=Plur | 15 that | nmod |
| 19 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 21 carnivora | cc |
| 20 | other | other | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 21 carnivora | amod |
| 21 | carnivora | carnivora | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 cats | conj |
| 22 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 38 rejected | punct |
| 23 | but | but | CCONJ | _ | 38 rejected | cc |
| 24 | when | when | SCONJ | _ | 26 reach | mark |
| 25 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 26 reach | nsubj |
| 26 | reach | reach | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 38 rejected | advcl |
| 27 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 28 age | det |
| 28 | age | age | NOUN | Number=Sing | 26 reach | obj |
| 29 | of | of | ADP | _ | 30 maturity | case |
| 30 | maturity | maturity | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 age | nmod |
| 31 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 32 flesh | det |
| 32 | flesh | flesh | NOUN | Number=Sing | 38 rejected | nsubj:pass |
| 33 | of | of | ADP | _ | 36 animals | case |
| 34 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 36 animals | det |
| 35 | unclean | unclean | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 36 animals | amod |
| 36 | animals | animal | NOUN | Number=Plur | 32 flesh | nmod |
| 37 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 38 rejected | aux:pass |
| 38 | rejected | reject | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 6 permitted | conj |
| 39 | by | by | ADP | _ | 40 them | case |
| 40 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 38 rejected | obl |
| 41 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 6 permitted | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | permit | present · passive | Boys in early youth | vn allow-64.1-1 «NP V NP S»: subject=Beneficiary clause=Eventuality | |||||
| 2 | eat not said to happen | to-infinitive | any kind of meat | that of wild cats and other carnivora obl | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent kind=Patient | ||||
| 3 | reach | present | Boys = boy | the age of maturity | vn body_motion-49.2-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Agent age=Theme | ||||
| 4 | reject | present · passive | Boys = boy | the flesh of all unclean animals | vn reject-77.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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