Kaffir folk-lore, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., sentence 208
Forming a furnace of a boulder with a hollow surface, out of which a groove was made to allow the liquid metal to escape, and into which a hole was pierced for the purpose of introducing a current of air, they piled up a heap of charcoal and virgin ore, which they afterwards covered in such a way as to prevent the escape of heat.
Who acts: groove, purpose, holes, heat · What happens: form, make, allow, escape, pierce, introduce · To what, where: furnace, groove, hollow surface, liquid metal, hole, current
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (groove, purpose, holes, heat), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Forming | form | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | root | root |
| 2 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 3 furnace | det |
| 3 | furnace | furnace | NOUN | Number=Sing | 1 Forming | obj |
| 4 | of | of | ADP | _ | 6 boulder | case |
| 5 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 6 boulder | det |
| 6 | boulder | boulder | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 furnace | nmod |
| 7 | with | with | ADP | _ | 10 surface | case |
| 8 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 10 surface | det |
| 9 | hollow | hollow | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 10 surface | amod |
| 10 | surface | surface | NOUN | Number=Sing | 1 Forming | obl |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 18 made | punct |
| 12 | out | out | ADP | _ | 14 which | case |
| 13 | of | of | ADP | _ | 14 which | case |
| 14 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 18 made | obl |
| 15 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 16 groove | det |
| 16 | groove | groove | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 made | nsubj:pass |
| 17 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 18 made | aux:pass |
| 18 | made | make | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 10 surface | acl:relcl |
| 19 | to | to | PART | _ | 20 allow | mark |
| 20 | allow | allow | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 18 made | xcomp |
| 21 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 23 metal | det |
| 22 | liquid | liquid | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 23 metal | amod |
| 23 | metal | metal | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 allow | obj |
| 24 | to | to | PART | _ | 25 escape | mark |
| 25 | escape | escape | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 23 metal | acl |
| 26 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 33 pierced | punct |
| 27 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 33 pierced | cc |
| 28 | into | into | ADP | _ | 29 which | case |
| 29 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 33 pierced | obl |
| 30 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 31 hole | det |
| 31 | hole | hole | NOUN | Number=Sing | 33 pierced | nsubj:pass |
| 32 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 33 pierced | aux:pass |
| 33 | pierced | pierce | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 1 Forming | advcl |
| 34 | for | for | ADP | _ | 36 purpose | case |
| 35 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 36 purpose | det |
| 36 | purpose | purpose | NOUN | Number=Sing | 33 pierced | obl |
| 37 | of | of | SCONJ | _ | 38 introducing | mark |
| 38 | introducing | introduce | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 36 purpose | acl |
| 39 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 40 current | det |
| 40 | current | current | NOUN | Number=Sing | 38 introducing | obj |
| 41 | of | of | ADP | _ | 42 air | case |
| 42 | air | air | NOUN | Number=Sing | 40 current | nmod |
| 43 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 45 piled | punct |
| 44 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 45 piled | nsubj |
| 45 | piled | pile | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 33 pierced | parataxis |
| 46 | up | up | ADP | _ | 45 piled | compound:prt |
| 47 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 48 heap | det |
| 48 | heap | heap | NOUN | Number=Sing | 45 piled | obj |
| 49 | of | of | ADP | _ | 50 charcoal | case |
| 50 | charcoal | charcoal | NOUN | Number=Sing | 48 heap | nmod |
| 51 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 53 ore | cc |
| 52 | virgin | virgin | NOUN | Number=Sing | 53 ore | compound |
| 53 | ore | ore | NOUN | Number=Sing | 50 charcoal | conj |
| 54 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 58 covered | punct |
| 55 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 58 covered | nsubj:pass |
| 56 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 58 covered | nsubj:pass |
| 57 | afterwards | afterwards | ADV | _ | 58 covered | advmod |
| 58 | covered | cover | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 53 ore | acl:relcl |
| 59 | in | in | ADP | _ | 62 way | case |
| 60 | such | such | DET | PronType=Ind | 62 way | det:predet |
| 61 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 62 way | det |
| 62 | way | way | NOUN | Number=Sing | 58 covered | obl |
| 63 | as | as | SCONJ | _ | 65 prevent | mark |
| 64 | to | to | PART | _ | 65 prevent | mark |
| 65 | prevent | prevent | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 58 covered | advcl |
| 66 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 67 escape | det |
| 67 | escape | escape | NOUN | Number=Sing | 65 prevent | obj |
| 68 | of | of | ADP | _ | 69 heat | case |
| 69 | heat | heat | NOUN | Number=Sing | 67 escape | nmod |
| 70 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 1 Forming | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | form | gerund | a furnace of a boulder | with a hollow surface | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location furnace=Theme | ||||
| 2 | make | past · passive | a groove | a hollow surface | tree rules | ||||
| 3 | allow | to-infinitive | a groove not said here | the liquid metal | vn allow-64.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent metal=Beneficiary | ||||
| 4 | escape | to-infinitive | a groove not said here | the liquid metal not said here | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 5 | pierce | past · passive | a hole | for the purpose; which obl | vn poke-19-1 «NP V NP PP.patient»: subject=Instrument into which=Patient | ||||
| 6 | introduce | gerund | the purpose not said here | a current of air | vn amalgamate-22.2-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent current=Patient | ||||
| 7 | pile up | past | holes = hole | a heap of charcoal and virgin ore | vn spray-9.7-1-1 «NP.theme V NP»: agent=Theme heap=Destination | ||||
| 8 | cover | participle · passive | virgin ore | in such way; holes = hole nsubj:pass; afterwards property | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: subject=Destination in way=Theme | ||||
| 9 | prevent | to-infinitive | the escape of heat | vn forbid-64.4-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Causer escape=Theme | |||||
| 10 | escape | heat | nom escape «act intransitive»: of=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
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