Kaffir folk-lore, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., sentence 29
A second is the custom that a man who can escape from a chief whose enmity he has incurred will be protected by any other with whom he takes refuge, so that an arbitrary or unpopular ruler is in constant danger of losing his followers.
Who acts: second, man, arbitrary, constant danger · What happens: be, escape, incur, protect, take, lose · To what, where: custom, chief, man, refuge, constant danger, followers
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (second, man, arbitrary, constant danger), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 2 second | det |
| 2 | second | second | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 custom | nsubj |
| 3 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 custom | cop |
| 4 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 5 custom | det |
| 5 | custom | custom | NOUN | Number=Sing | root | root |
| 6 | that | that | PRON | PronType=Rel | 22 protected | obj |
| 7 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 8 man | det |
| 8 | man | man | NOUN | Number=Sing | 22 protected | nsubj:pass |
| 9 | who | who | PRON | PronType=Rel | 11 escape | nsubj |
| 10 | can | can | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 11 escape | aux |
| 11 | escape | escape | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 8 man | acl:relcl |
| 12 | from | from | ADP | _ | 14 chief | case |
| 13 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 14 chief | det |
| 14 | chief | chief | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 escape | obl |
| 15 | whose | whose | PRON | Poss=Yes PronType=Rel | 16 enmity | nmod:poss |
| 16 | enmity | enmity | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 chief | nmod |
| 17 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 19 incurred | nsubj |
| 18 | has | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 19 incurred | aux |
| 19 | incurred | incur | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 14 chief | acl:relcl |
| 20 | will | will | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 22 protected | aux |
| 21 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 22 protected | aux:pass |
| 22 | protected | protect | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 5 custom | acl:relcl |
| 23 | by | by | ADP | _ | 24 any | case |
| 24 | any | any | DET | PronType=Ind | 22 protected | obl |
| 25 | other | other | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 24 any | fixed |
| 26 | with | with | SCONJ | _ | 29 takes | mark |
| 27 | whom | whom | PRON | PronType=Rel | 29 takes | obj |
| 28 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 29 takes | nsubj |
| 29 | takes | take | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 22 protected | advcl |
| 30 | refuge | refuge | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 takes | obj |
| 31 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 42 danger | punct |
| 32 | so | so | SCONJ | ExtPos=SCONJ | 42 danger | mark |
| 33 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 32 so | fixed |
| 34 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 35 arbitrary | det |
| 35 | arbitrary | arbitrary | NOUN | Number=Sing | 42 danger | nsubj |
| 36 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 38 ruler | cc |
| 37 | unpopular | unpopular | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 38 ruler | amod |
| 38 | ruler | ruler | NOUN | Number=Sing | 35 arbitrary | conj |
| 39 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 42 danger | cop |
| 40 | in | in | ADP | _ | 42 danger | case |
| 41 | constant | constant | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 42 danger | amod |
| 42 | danger | danger | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 takes | obl |
| 43 | of | of | SCONJ | _ | 44 losing | mark |
| 44 | losing | lose | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 42 danger | acl |
| 45 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 46 followers | nmod:poss |
| 46 | followers | follower | NOUN | Number=Plur | 44 losing | obj |
| 47 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 custom | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is a | present | a second | the custom | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | escape | can | a man | a chief a chief a chief's enmity's enmity | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme from chief=Initial_Location | ||||
| 3 | incur | present · perfect | man | a chief a chief a chief's enmity's enmity not said here | tree rules | ||||
| 4 | protect | future · passive | a man | by any; the custom obj | tree rules | ||||
| 5 | take | present | man | refuge | whom obj | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP ADVP»: agent=Instrument whom=Theme refuge=Destination | |||
| 6 | is | present | a arbitrary or unpopular ruler | constant danger | tree rules | ||||
| 7 | lose | gerund | constant danger not said here | man's followers | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent follower=Eventuality |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/2/29/