Kaffir folk-lore, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs., sentence 9
The country lying between the present colonies of the Cape and Natal was first explored by Europeans in the year 1688, and was then found to be occupied by four great tribes,—the Amampondomsi, the Amampondo, the Abatembu, and the Amaxosa,—who formed nations as distinct from each other as are the French and the Italians.
Who acts: country, Europeans, four great tribes, Amaxosa · What happens: lie, explore, find, occupy, form, be · To what, where: present colonies, country, nations, each
This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Introductory Chapter Regarding the Kaffirs.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (country, Europeans, four great tribes, Amaxosa), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 country | det |
| 2 | country | country | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 explored | nsubj:pass |
| 3 | lying | lie | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 2 country | acl |
| 4 | between | between | ADP | _ | 7 colonies | case |
| 5 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 7 colonies | det |
| 6 | present | present | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 7 colonies | amod |
| 7 | colonies | colony | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 lying | obl |
| 8 | of | of | ADP | _ | 10 Cape | case |
| 9 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 10 Cape | det |
| 10 | Cape | Cape | PROPN | Number=Sing | 7 colonies | nmod |
| 11 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 12 Natal | cc |
| 12 | Natal | Natal | PROPN | Number=Sing | 10 Cape | conj |
| 13 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 15 explored | aux:pass |
| 14 | first | first | ADV | NumForm=Word NumType=Ord | 15 explored | advmod |
| 15 | explored | explore | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 16 | by | by | ADP | _ | 17 Europeans | case |
| 17 | Europeans | European | PROPN | Number=Plur | 15 explored | obl |
| 18 | in | in | ADP | _ | 20 year | case |
| 19 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 20 year | det |
| 20 | year | year | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 explored | obl |
| 21 | 1688 | 1688 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 20 year | flat |
| 22 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 26 found | punct |
| 23 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 26 found | cc |
| 24 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 26 found | aux:pass |
| 25 | then | then | ADV | PronType=Dem | 26 found | advmod |
| 26 | found | find | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 15 explored | conj |
| 27 | to | to | PART | _ | 29 occupied | mark |
| 28 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 29 occupied | aux:pass |
| 29 | occupied | occupy | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 26 found | xcomp |
| 30 | by | by | ADP | _ | 33 tribes | case |
| 31 | four | four | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 33 tribes | nummod |
| 32 | great | great | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 33 tribes | amod |
| 33 | tribes | tribe | NOUN | Number=Plur | 29 occupied | obl |
| 34 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 37 Amampondomsi | punct |
| 35 | — | - | PUNCT | _ | 37 Amampondomsi | punct |
| 36 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 37 Amampondomsi | det |
| 37 | Amampondomsi | Amampondomsi | PROPN | Number=Sing | 33 tribes | nmod |
| 38 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 40 Amampondo | punct |
| 39 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 40 Amampondo | det |
| 40 | Amampondo | Amampondo | PROPN | Number=Sing | 37 Amampondomsi | flat |
| 41 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 43 Abatembu | punct |
| 42 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 43 Abatembu | det |
| 43 | Abatembu | Abatembu | PROPN | Number=Sing | 37 Amampondomsi | conj |
| 44 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 51 formed | punct |
| 45 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 51 formed | cc |
| 46 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 47 Amaxosa | det |
| 47 | Amaxosa | Amaxosa | PROPN | Number=Sing | 51 formed | nsubj |
| 48 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 51 formed | punct |
| 49 | — | - | PUNCT | _ | 51 formed | punct |
| 50 | who | who | PRON | PronType=Rel | 51 formed | nsubj |
| 51 | formed | form | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 15 explored | conj |
| 52 | nations | nation | NOUN | Number=Plur | 51 formed | obj |
| 53 | as | as | ADP | _ | 54 distinct | case |
| 54 | distinct | distinct | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 51 formed | obl |
| 55 | from | from | ADP | _ | 56 each | case |
| 56 | each | each | DET | ExtPos=PRON PronType=Rcp | 51 formed | obl |
| 57 | other | other | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 56 each | fixed |
| 58 | as | as | SCONJ | _ | 61 French | mark |
| 59 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 61 French | cop |
| 60 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 61 French | det |
| 61 | French | French | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 51 formed | advcl |
| 62 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 64 Italians | cc |
| 63 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 64 Italians | det |
| 64 | Italians | Italian | PROPN | Number=Plur | 61 French | conj |
| 65 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 15 explored | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | lie | gerund | the country not said here | the present colonies of the Cape and Natal | vn assuming_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent between colony=Location | ||||
| 2 | explore | past · passive | Europeans | the country | year | first property | vn investigate-35.4 «NP V NP.location»: agent=Agent subject=Location | ||
| 3 | find | past · passive | Europeans not said here | then | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S_INF»: clause=Theme | ||||
| 4 | occupy | to-infinitive · passive | four great tribes the Amampondomsi and the Abatembu | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer | |||||
| 5 | form | past | the Amaxosa | nations | each | as distinct; who nsubj | vn create-26.4 «NP V NP PP.material»: agent=Agent nation=Result from each=Material | ||
| 6 | is | present | the Amaxosa not said here | the Italians conj; french property | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/2/9/