Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, A Legend of Minnehaha Falls, sentence 26

Every spring the Indians say that on moonlit nights they can see the shadow canoe of Ampata leaping over the falls.

Who acts: spring, Indians, shadow canoe · What happens: say, see, leap · To what, where: shadow canoe, falls · Speech: someone speaks here

This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, A Legend of Minnehaha Falls. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (spring, Indians, shadow canoe), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Every	every	DET	PronType=Tot	2 spring	det
2	spring	spring	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 say	nsubj
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 Indians	det
4	Indians	Indian	PROPN	Number=Plur	5 say	nsubj
5	say	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
6	that	that	SCONJ	_	12 see	mark
7	on	on	ADP	_	9 nights	case
8	moonlit	moonlit	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 nights	amod
9	nights	night	NOUN	Number=Plur	12 see	obl
10	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	12 see	nsubj
11	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	12 see	aux
12	see	see	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	5 say	ccomp
13	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	15 canoe	det
14	shadow	shadow	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 canoe	compound
15	canoe	canoe	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 see	obj
16	of	of	ADP	_	17 Ampata	case
17	Ampata	Ampata	PROPN	Number=Sing	15 canoe	nmod
18	leaping	leap	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	15 canoe	acl
19	over	over	ADP	_	21 falls	case
20	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	21 falls	det
21	falls	fall	NOUN	Number=Plur	18 leaping	obl
22	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 say	punct

Pragmatics

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	say speech: assert	present	every spring				the Indians nsubj	vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
2	see	can	Indians = indian	the shadow canoe of Ampata		night		vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer canoe=Stimulus
3	leap	gerund	the shadow canoe of Ampata not said here		the falls			vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme over fall=Trajectory

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Text: «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73136/46/26/

🌲 Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, A Legend of Minnehaha Falls, sentence 26

The tree

Pragmatics

Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, A Legend of Minnehaha Falls, sentence 26